{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:17:22Z","timestamp":1789690642099,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Center for Individualized Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Pectus excavatum (PEx) is considered, at least partially, a familial disorder. A variety of inheritance patterns, associations with genetic syndromes, and pathogenic variants have been reported. However, the etiology of this condition is still not completely understood, and no known genes have been identified as definitive contributors. Methods: Family members with a confirmed PEx diagnosis (one proband and two first-degree relatives) and non-affected members were recruited into this study. Exome sequencing was performed on all affected familial PEx cases to systematically screen for candidate genes that are likely to be causative for PEx, and on non-affected family members for variant segregation analysis. Results: Ten families, with three affected members each, participated, providing thirty familial PEx cases. Different inheritance patterns were represented across the ten pedigrees, with possible incomplete penetrance. Genetic variants in REST (essential for neuronal development and associated with pectus deformities in prior studies), SMAD4 (variants can predispose individuals to thoracic aortic diseases), and COL5A (associated with Ehlers\u2013Danlos syndrome and Fibromuscular dysplasia) were initially identified as potentially linked to the development of pectus deformities and segregated with the phenotype. No variants were shared across families in the studied population. Conclusions: Germline exome sequencing of families with multiple individuals affected by PEx in our study identified potential gene candidates linked to PEx. These candidates are private to individual families and no strong candidates shared across multiple families were identified. These findings suggest that the inheritance of PEx may not be strongly related to a shared single genetic variant in known genes. Given the accumulating evidence for the genetic basis of familial PEx, further studies, including polygenic analyses, as well as assessment of the non-coding genome and possible epigenetic markers are warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15111429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T04:59:54Z","timestamp":1730437194000},"page":"1429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Complexity of Familial Inheritance in Pectus Excavatum: A Ten-Family Exome Sequencing Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5824-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan M.","family":"Farina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0677-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rory J.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8052-2586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radhika","family":"Dhamija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genomics and Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Bofferding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Sekulic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"City of Hope Cancer Center, Goodyear, AZ 85338, USA"},{"name":"Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan B.","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5650-0691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawn E.","family":"Jaroszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-3840(96)80005-0","article-title":"Congenital chest wall deformities","volume":"33","author":"Shamberger","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. 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