{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:58:14Z","timestamp":1787965094275,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical Research Council"},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Choroideremia is a monogenic inherited retinal dystrophy that manifests in males with night blindness, progressive loss of peripheral vision, and ultimately profound sight loss, commonly by middle age. It is caused by genetic defects of the CHM gene, which result in a deficiency in Rab-escort protein-1, a key element for intracellular trafficking of vesicles, including those carrying melanin. As choroideremia primarily affects the retinal pigment epithelium, fundus autofluorescence, which focuses on the fluorescent properties of pigments within the retina, is an established imaging modality used for the assessment and monitoring of affected patients. Methods and Results: In this manuscript, we demonstrate the use of both short-wavelength blue and near-infrared autofluorescence and how these imaging modalities reveal distinct disease patterns in choroideremia. In addition, we show how these structural measurements relate to retinal functional measures, namely microperimetry, and discuss the potential role of these retinal imaging modalities in clinical practice and research studies. Moreover, we discuss the mechanisms underlying retinal autofluorescence patterns by imaging with a particular focus on melanin pigment. Conclusions: This could be of particular significance given the current progress in therapeutic options, including gene replacement therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15111471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]],"date-time":"2024-11-14T09:14:31Z","timestamp":1731575671000},"page":"1471","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Retinal Patterns and the Role of Autofluorescence in Choroideremia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Federica E.","family":"Poli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"},{"name":"Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"},{"name":"Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading RG1 5AN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"MacLaren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"},{"name":"Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9956-6412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmina","family":"Cehajic-Kapetanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"},{"name":"Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/347674a0","article-title":"Cloning of a gene that is rearranged in patients with choroideraemia","volume":"347","author":"Cremers","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/3.7.1041","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of the human choroideremia gene","volume":"3","author":"Bokhoven","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum. 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