{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:49:29Z","timestamp":1791222569773,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science Centre in Cracow, Poland","award":["UMO-2013\/11\/B\/NZ9\/00783"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2013\/11\/B\/NZ9\/00783"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In ovo stimulation introduces bioactive compounds, such as prebiotics, probiotics, or synbiotics into incubating eggs to enhance gut health and immune system development in chickens. This study aimed to determine the genetic and environmental effects modulating responses to in ovo stimulation in commercial broilers and Green-legged Partridge-like (GP) native chickens. Methods: Eggs were stimulated on day 12 of incubation with prebiotics (GOS\u2014galactooligosaccharides), probiotics (Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris), or synbiotics (GOS + L. lactis), with controls being mock-injected. Hatched chicks were reared in group pens and challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 42 post-hatching. Cecal tonsils (CT) and spleens were harvested 2 h post-challenge. RT-qPCR was used to analyze the relative gene expression of cytokine genes: IL-1\u03b2, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, and IL-17. Results: The results show that genotype influenced the expression of all immune-related genes, with broiler chickens exhibiting stronger innate inflammatory responses than native chickens. LPS induced both mucosal (CT) and systemic (spleen) immune responses in broilers but only systemic (spleen) responses in native chickens. Conclusions: In ovo stimulation had less of an impact on cytokine gene expression than LPS challenge. Broilers expressed higher inflammatory immune responses than GP native chickens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15121585","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]],"date-time":"2024-12-09T10:11:47Z","timestamp":1733739107000},"page":"1585","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Immune-Related Gene Expression Responses to In Ovo Stimulation and LPS Challenge in Two Distinct Chicken Genotypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5706-6145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Slawinska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, St. Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Szosa Bydgoska 13, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6608-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Dunis\u0142awska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, St. Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7446-0147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 38C, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"\u0141ukaszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Poultry Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Breeding, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Che\u0142mo\u0144skiego 38C, 51-630 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4148-5174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Siwek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, St. Mazowiecka 28, 85-084 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siwek, M., SlawinsNSka, A., Stadnicka, K., Bogucka, J., Dunislawska, A., and Bednarczyk, M. 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