{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T10:35:35Z","timestamp":1774953335113,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007214","name":"Velux Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007214","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Neural retina leucine zipper (NRL) is a transcription factor involved in the differentiation of rod photoreceptors. Pathogenic variants in the gene encoding NRL have been associated with autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and autosomal recessive clumped pigmentary retinal degeneration. Only a dozen unrelated families affected by recessive NRL-related retinal dystrophy have been described. The purpose of this study was to expand the genotypic spectrum of this disease by reporting clinical and genetic findings of two unrelated families. Methods: Index patients affected by retinal dystrophy were genetically tested by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Segregation analysis within the families was performed for candidate variants. A minigene assay was performed to functionally characterize a variant suspected to affect splicing. Results: Variant filtering revealed homozygous NRL variants in both families. The variant in patient A was a small deletion encompassing the donor splice site of exon 1 of transcript NM_006177.3. The minigene assay revealed that this variant led to two aberrant transcripts that used alternative cryptic donor splice sites located in intron 1. In patient B, a stop-gain variant was identified in the last exon of NRL in a homozygous state due to maternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 14. Conclusions: Our study expands the genotypic spectrum of autosomal recessive NRL-related retinal dystrophy. Moreover, it underscores the importance of actively maintaining bioinformatic pipelines for variant detection and the utility of minigene assays in functionally characterizing candidate splicing variants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15121594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]],"date-time":"2024-12-12T12:25:54Z","timestamp":1734006354000},"page":"1594","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Retinal Dystrophy Associated with Homozygous Variants in NRL"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9906-8739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Maggi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James V. M.","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kurmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0965-0539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Koller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silke","family":"Feil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6298-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Gerth-Kahlert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0370-3815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Molecular Genetics, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland"},{"name":"Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), University and ETH Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussey, K.A., Hadyniak, S.E., and Johnston, R.J. 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