{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T18:50:34Z","timestamp":1764874234639,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bio&amp;Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT)","award":["RS-2023-00223501","202304850001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00223501","202304850001"]}]},{"name":"2023 Research Grant from Kangwon National University","award":["RS-2023-00223501","202304850001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00223501","202304850001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (TMSCs) are in the limelight in regenerative medicine due to their high proliferation and differentiation potential. It is important to conduct studies to determine the optimal conditions for achieving the maximum yield while maintaining the optimal differentiation capacity of TMSCs. Methods: This study explores the impact of serial subculture on TMSCs by analyzing gene expression at passages 2, 4, 6, and 8. For each culture passage, genes with significant differences in RNA expression from previous passages were selected and their characteristics were observed performing enrichment analysis including KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and Reactome pathway. Results: At each passage, a \u201ccell cycle\u201d term was ranked high with statistical significance in the KEGG and Reactome pathway. Cell cycle gene expression, including Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, increased until passage 6, then decreased by passage 8. The cell cycle is known to be important not only for proliferation but also for determining whether stem cells maintain pluripotency or differentiate into various lineages. Conclusions: The results suggest that cell cycle gene expression can guide the timing for differentiation induction, with passage 6 potentially being a critical point for initiating differentiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15121626","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T10:54:20Z","timestamp":1734605660000},"page":"1626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Transcriptomic Changes in Human Tonsil-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Across Culture Passages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Moon Sik","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heesun","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3211-4841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ok Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su Hyeon","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hae Sang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Jun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of New Frontier Research, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9732-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chan Hum","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Bio Regenerative Medical Institute, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sun-Wha","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R83","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2459","article-title":"Human palatine tonsil: A new potential tissue source of multipotent mesenchymal progenitor cells","volume":"10","author":"Janjanin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. 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