{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T08:02:09Z","timestamp":1767772929411,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Prostate cancer (PCa) patients who do not respond to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), referred to as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), remain a clinical challenge due to confirm the aggressive nature of CRPC and its resistance to conventional therapies. This study aims to investigate the potential of microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers for predicting therapeutic response in CRPC patients. Methods: We performed miRNA and mRNA expression analyses using publicly available datasets and applied 3D cell culture models to replicate more physiologically relevant tumor conditions. Genetic analysis techniques were employed on publicly available data, and expression profiles from 3D cell culture models were examined. Results: Eighteen miRNAs with differential expression were identified between patients who responded favorably to abiraterone therapy (responders) and those with advanced CRPC (non-responders). Specifically, miRNAs such as hsa-miR-152-3p and hsa-miR-34a-3p were found to be associated with critical pathways, including TGF-\u03b2 signaling and P53, which are linked to therapeutic resistance. Several miRNAs were identified as potential predictors of treatment efficacy, including therapies like abiraterone. Conclusions: These results indicate that miRNAs could serve as non-invasive biomarkers for predicting therapeutic outcomes, facilitating a more personalized approach to CRPC treatment. This study provides a novel perspective on treatment strategies for CRPC, emphasizing the role of miRNAs in improving therapeutic precision and efficacy in this complex disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16020180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T05:36:32Z","timestamp":1738560992000},"page":"180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["miRNA Signatures as Predictors of Therapy Response in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Insights from Clinical Liquid Biopsies and 3D Culture Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6941-6248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Puente-Rivera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patog\u00e9nesis Celular y Molecular Humana y Veterinaria, Posgrado en Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (UACM), San Lorenzo 290, Col. Del Valle, Mexico City 03100, Mexico"},{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Ju\u00e1rez De M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Nu\u00f1ez-Olvera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Celular y Fisiolog\u00eda, Instituto de Investigaciones Biom\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9732-2265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Hospital Ju\u00e1rez De M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (UNAM), Tlalnepantla de Baz 54090, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4556-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Cure\u00f1o-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n y Ense\u00f1anza, Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de Mexico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica, Facultad de Medicina, Circuito Interior, Ciudad Universitaria UNAM, Mexico City 04510, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0488-7900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"G\u00f3mez-Zamora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n M\u00e9dica, Hospital Ju\u00e1rez de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City 07769, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2949-4924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estibeyesbo","family":"Plascencia-Nieto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secci\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Figueroa-Angulo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patog\u00e9nesis Celular y Molecular Humana y Veterinaria, Posgrado en Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (UACM), San Lorenzo 290, Col. Del Valle, Mexico City 03100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9212-4451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Alvarez-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Patog\u00e9nesis Celular y Molecular Humana y Veterinaria, Posgrado en Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de la Ciudad de M\u00e9xico (UACM), San Lorenzo 290, Col. Del Valle, Mexico City 03100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Lu, B., He, M., Wang, Y., Wang, Z., and Du, L. (2022). Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Global Status and Temporal Trends in 89 Countries From 2000 to 2019. Front. 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