{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:51:01Z","timestamp":1789588261282,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Kimura\u2019s disease (KD) is a rare, chronic inflammatory disorder that predominantly affects young men of East Asian descent. It is characterized by painless solid masses primarily localized to the deep subcutaneous tissues of the head and neck, eosinophilia, and elevated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE). While the exact cause remains unclear, the pathogenesis is thought to involve dysregulated immune responses, particularly those mediated by T-helper cells 2 (Th2), eosinophils, and IgE production. Advances in molecular biology have suggested that genetic factors play a significant role in the development and progression of this chronic inflammatory condition. Recent studies have implicated several genes and immune pathways in its development, and understanding these genetic components may provide insights into better diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies for KD. In this regard, biological therapies, by targeting the immune mechanisms underlying KD, have been used to treat this challenging condition with promising results, contributing to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of this rare disorder. The aim of this study was to review the literature concerning the genetic factors and immune mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of KD, with a special focus on the role of biological therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16020194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]],"date-time":"2025-02-04T05:13:43Z","timestamp":1738646023000},"page":"194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Narrative Review of Genetic and Immunological Mechanisms Involved in the Pathogenesis of Kimura\u2019s Disease: New Therapeutic Targets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7174-8126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Loperfido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Unit, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Circonvallazione Gianicolense 87, 00152 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Cavaliere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3368-1810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Fionda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Bellocchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Unit, San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, Circonvallazione Gianicolense 87, 00152 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simonetta","family":"Masieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Sciences, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7383-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Caminati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy Unit and Asthma Center, Verona Integrated University Hospital, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37124 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"681","article-title":"Eosinophilic lymphoblastoma: A report of 7 cases similar to Mikulicz\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Jin","year":"1937","journal-title":"Zhonghua Yixue Zazhi"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"179","article-title":"On the unusual granulation combined with hyperplastic changes of lymphatic tissues","volume":"37","author":"Kimura","year":"1948","journal-title":"Trans. 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