{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T15:24:43Z","timestamp":1784733883717,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R01 AI173804-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI173804-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Solid organ transplantation remains a life-saving treatment for patients worldwide. Unfortunately, the supply of donor organs cannot meet the current need, making the search for alternative sources even more essential. Xenotransplantation using sophisticated genetic engineering techniques to delete and overexpress specific genes in the donor animal has been investigated as a possible option. However, the use of exogenous tissue presents another host of obstacles, particularly regarding organ rejection. Given these limitations, interspecies blastocyst complementation in combination with precise gene knockouts presents a unique, promising pathway for the transplant organ shortage. In recent years, great advancements have been made in the field, with encouraging results in producing a donor-derived organ in a chimeric host. That said, one of the major barriers to successful interspecies chimerism is the mismatch in the developmental stages of the donor and the host cells in the chimeric embryo. Another major barrier to successful chimerism is the mismatch in the developmental speeds between the donor and host cells in the chimeric embryos. This review outlines 19 studies in which blastocyst complementation was used to generate solid organs. In particular, the genesis of the liver, lung, kidney, pancreas, heart, thyroid, thymus and parathyroids was investigated. Of the 19 studies, 7 included an interspecies model. Of the 7, one was completed using human donor cells in a pig host, and all others were rat\u2013mouse chimeras. While very promising results have been demonstrated, with great advancements in the field, several challenges continue to persist. In particular, successful chimerism, organ generation and donor contribution, synchronized donor\u2013host development, as well as ethical concerns regarding human\u2013animal chimeras remain important aspects that will need to be addressed in future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16020215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T03:41:57Z","timestamp":1739331717000},"page":"215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Interspecies Blastocyst Complementation and the Genesis of Chimeric Solid Human Organs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Elena","family":"Bigliardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1185-3183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anala V.","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter C.","family":"Low","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clifford J.","family":"Steer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, and Genetics Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, November 05). 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