{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T01:22:50Z","timestamp":1783560170373,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH\/NIMHD award to the Medical University of South Carolina Transdisciplinary Collaborative Center in Precision Medicine and Minority Men\u2019s Health","award":["U54MD010706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD010706"]}]},{"name":"Department for the Economy (DfE) postgraduate studentship and the 2023 Professor John Glover Memorial Award","award":["U54MD010706"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54MD010706"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common non-cutaneous cancer in men globally, and one which displays significant racial disparities. Men of African descent (AF) are more likely to develop PC and face higher mortality compared to men of European descent (EU). The biological mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), recognized as key regulators of gene expression and immune processes, have emerged as potential contributors to these disparities. This study aimed to investigate the regulatory role of lncRNAs in localized PC in AF men relative to those of EU and assess their involvement in immune response and inflammation. Methods: A systems biology approach was employed to analyze differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs and their roles in prostate cancer (PC). Immune-related pathways were investigated through over-representation analysis of lncRNA\u2013mRNA networks. The study also examined the effects of vitamin D supplementation on lncRNA expression in African descent (AF) PC patients, highlighting their potential regulatory roles in immune response and inflammation. Results: Key lncRNAs specific to AF men were identified, with several being implicated for immune response and inflammatory processes. Notably, 10 out of the top 11 ranked lncRNAs demonstrated strong interactions with immune-related genes. Pathway analysis revealed their regulatory influence on antigen processing and presentation, chemokine signaling, and ribosome pathways, suggesting their critical roles in immune regulation. Conclusions: These findings highlight the pivotal role of lncRNAs in PC racial disparities, particularly through immune modulation. The identified lncRNAs may serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets to address racial disparities in PC outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16020229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]],"date-time":"2025-02-17T07:48:22Z","timestamp":1739778502000},"page":"229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unveiling Racial Disparities in Localized Prostate Cancer: A Systems-Level Exploration of the lncRNA Landscape"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rebecca A.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen\u2019s University Belfast (QUB), Belfast BT9 5DL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Starr","family":"Hazard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Affairs Faculty, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA"},{"name":"Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System (VAHCS) Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0103-6916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanita Hughes","family":"Halbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"},{"name":"Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Gattoni-Celli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System (VAHCS) Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"},{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4558-0400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary","family":"Hardiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security (IGFS), Queen\u2019s University Belfast (QUB), Belfast BT9 5DL, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","article-title":"Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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