{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T09:13:49Z","timestamp":1769159629389,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in men remain under-researched despite their critical role in disease transmission and the increasing incidence of HPV-related cancers. This study investigates the clinical and molecular characteristics of anogenital HPV infections in men, emphasizing genotype prevalence, diagnostic methods, and lesion variability. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 70 men aged 18\u201365 years with clinically diagnosed anogenital HPV infection. Lesions were characterized by morphology and location. HPV DNA was analyzed using INNO-LiPA (INNOvative Line Probe Assay), Hybrid Capture II (HC II), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to determine genotype distribution. Associations between clinical features and HPV genotypes were assessed using multivariate statistical analyses. Results: Lesions varied in morphology, with verrucous (52.86%) and papular (30%) types being the most common. Localization patterns showed predominance on the penis radix (34.29%) and shaft (27.14%). Molecular testing revealed HPV DNA in 88.57% of the cases using INNO-LiPA, compared to 45% and 40% with HC II and PCR, respectively. Low-risk (LR) genotypes, particularly HPV6, dominated single infections, comprising 68.57% of the cases, while high-risk (HR) genotypes accounted for 20%. Mixed LR and HR infections were observed in 14.29% of the lesions, with greater diversity noted in distal genital regions. Notably, condyloma plana and lesions on the inner prepuce exhibited a higher prevalence of HR and mixed infections. Age and lesion duration showed trends toward older patients and longer disease duration in cases involving perianal and extragenital condylomas, though these findings were not statistically significant. No direct correlation between lesion type or localization and specific genotypes was identified, underscoring the heterogeneity of HPV clinical manifestations in men. Conclusions: Anogenital HPV infections in men exhibit significant heterogeneity in lesion morphology, localization, and genotype distribution. HR HPV genotypes were detected in a notable proportion of benign lesions, underscoring their potential role in disease progression. INNO-LiPA proved superior in diagnostic accuracy, highlighting the need for standardized and cost-effective diagnostic approaches for men. Further research is crucial to elucidate HPV\u2019s clinical impact in men and inform prevention and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16020230","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T12:16:37Z","timestamp":1739880997000},"page":"230","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Human Papilloma Virus Infection in Men: A Specific Human Virome or a Specific Pathology?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ivana","family":"\u010culav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mihael","family":"Skerlev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School Zagreb, St. Catherine\u2019s Special Hospital, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lidija \u017dele","family":"Star\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, Medical School Zagreb, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pero","family":"Hraba\u010d","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics, Epidemiology and Medical Informatics, Andrija \u0160tampar School of Public Health, Medical School Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3640-9567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzana","family":"Ljubojevi\u0107 Had\u017eavdi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School Zagreb, St. Catherine\u2019s Special Hospital, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Be\u0161li\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7494-5742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liborija","family":"Lugovi\u0107 Mihi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, School of Dentistry Zagreb, University Hospital Center Sestre Milosrdnice, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.11.045","article-title":"Human Skin Is the Largest Epithelial Surface for Interaction with Microbes","volume":"137","author":"Gallo","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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