{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T21:54:30Z","timestamp":1790546070678,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) manifests as a genetically diverse and intricate lung condition with various subtypes. The development of the disease and response to treatment are influenced by the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The predominant therapeutic approaches include bronchodilator therapy and corticosteroid treatment. Studies in COPD pharmacogenetics involve genome-wide association (GWA) studies, gene profiling, whole-genome sequencing, and other omics-based investigations. Many of these investigations have focused on the association between genetic variations and the response to \u03b22 agonist treatment. Additionally, several studies have explored the impact of gene variations on the response to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) treatment, with a specific focus on polymorphisms in the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling pathway. However, a significant challenge lies in the inconclusive or inconsistent results of these pharmacogenetic studies, underscoring the research community\u2019s struggle to provide sufficient evidence for the clinical implementation of COPD pharmacogenetics. To address these challenges, further research and larger genome-wide studies are essential. These efforts aim to uncover additional COPD subtypes, identify predictors of treatment response, and discover novel genetic markers for COPD. The integration of genomics, detailed evaluations such as chest CT scans, spirometry tests, and blood analyses, along with DNA collection in clinical research, is critical for translating COPD pharmacogenetics into clinical practice. Furthermore, advancing our understanding of the complex interactions between genetics, phenotypes, and environmental factors will be pivotal for improving individualized prognostic assessments and enhancing treatment outcomes in COPD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16030314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T09:59:17Z","timestamp":1741255157000},"page":"314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pharmacogenetic Factors Shaping Treatment Outcomes in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3769-9903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charikleia","family":"Ntenti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas Nikos","family":"Misirlis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonis","family":"Goulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Special Unit for Biomedical Research and Education, School of Medicine, Clinical Research Unit, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, February 21). 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