{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:54:12Z","timestamp":1791561252293,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Belatacept is a chimeric protein that acts as a selective blocker of T-lymphocyte co-stimulation. It has been proposed for the prevention of kidney transplant rejection. This paper reports a literature review on pharmacological characteristics of belatacept and genetic factors influencing its efficacy and safety profile. A severe case of neurotoxoplasmosis observed in a kidney transplant recipient (KTR) treated with belatacept is also described. It appears that the interference of belatacept on guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) expression in antigen-presenting cells (APC) cytoplasm could be involved in Toxoplasma gondii (Toxo-g) reactivation in seropositive KTRs. Additionally, genetic variations in immune regulatory genes encoding CTLA-4 and Blimp-1 may influence individual susceptibility to infection and immune modulation under belatacept therapy. In conclusion, we highlight the importance of drug avoidance and\/or increased surveillance in Toxo-g IgG-positive KTR. We also retain that further studies on the host defense pathways involved in the surveillance of opportunistic pathogens in KTR are strongly desirable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16040391","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T05:10:07Z","timestamp":1743397807000},"page":"391","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Toxoplasma Gondii Replication During Belatacept Treatment in Kidney Transplantation: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Vigilante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translation Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raafiah","family":"Izhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rossella Di","family":"Paola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananya","family":"De","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa Maria","family":"Pollastro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translation Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Capolongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translation Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Viceconte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital \u2018Federico II\u2019, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8203-9416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariadelina","family":"Simeoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translation Medical Sciences, University of Campania \u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2016.1244077","article-title":"Quality of life, clinical outcome, personality and coping in chronic hemodialysis patients","volume":"39","author":"Simeoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ren. 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