{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:18:23Z","timestamp":1790068703698,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is the most common inherited kidney disease, affecting approximately 1 in 1000 individuals. This genetically heterogeneous condition is primarily caused by monoallelic pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the PKD1 and PKD2 genes, accounting for 78% and 15% of typical cases, respectively. Recently, the application of NGS methods has led to the identification of additional genes associated with ADPKD, which have been incorporated into routine diagnostic testing for detecting phenocopies of the disease. Methods: In this study, targeted NGS (tNGS) analysis of the main cystogenes associated with classic and atypical ADPKD was performed in a cohort of 218 patients clinically diagnosed with cystic nephropathies. Results: Genetic testing identified variants in 175 out of 218 cases (80.3%). Among these, 133 probands (76%) harbored likely pathogenic or pathogenic variants in one or more genes of the panel, while 42 individuals (24%) had a variant of unknown significance (VUS). Specifically, one or more class 4\/5 variants in PKD1, PKD2, or both were identified in 111 (83.5%) probands. Remarkably, a pathogenic variant in the IFT140 gene was identified in 14 index cases (8% of positive individuals, 6.4% of the global cohort): 10 distinct loss-of-function (LoF) variants were identified (including four frameshift variants, four nonsense variants, and two splice site defects); one individual carried a second IFT140 missense variant classified as VUS. Furthermore, five affected family members were found to carry a P\/LP LoF variant in IFT140. Conclusions: Our data support that IFT140 heterozygous IFT140 LoF variants result in an atypical, mild form of ADPKD, consisting of bilateral kidney cysts and renal functional decline at older ages. Furthermore, we describe the second pediatric patient with a mild form of ADPKD due to an IFT140 variant and discuss hyperuricemia as a previously unappreciated feature of this condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16050472","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]],"date-time":"2025-04-22T20:24:52Z","timestamp":1745353492000},"page":"472","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Clinical Relevance of IFT140 Loss-of-Function Variants in Development of Renal Cysts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1428-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlotta Pia","family":"Cristalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0036-8240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Calabrese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Caramanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4638-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Pietra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Vitetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"De Nicolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bonora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8184-865X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Severi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2379-4232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soara","family":"Menab\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2043-5528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Ciurli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplant Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Aiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplant Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Capelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplant Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pasini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Alberici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Pillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"La Scola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community Pediatrics Rimini and Riccione, Pediatric Nephrology, Pediatric Unit, AUSL Romagna, 47921 Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1826-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cesare","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Montanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, IRCCS, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3875-6869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Graziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, AUSL Romagna, 47522 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32782-X","article-title":"Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney 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