{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T07:05:32Z","timestamp":1786863932261,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Changes in cell signaling pathways, which in normal conditions determine the maintenance of cell homeostasis and the correctness of its basic processes, may cause the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell. Alterations in cellular metabolism leading to oncogenesis are considered to be a hallmark of cancer cells. Therefore, a thorough understanding of cellular enzymes affecting metabolism and respiration, as well as intracellular pathways connected with them, seems crucial. These changes may be both prognostic and predictive factors, especially in terms of using molecularly targeted therapies. Aberrations in the pathways responsible for cell growth and angiogenesis are considered particularly important in the process of oncogenesis. Gliomas are the most common primary malignant tumors of the brain. The most important molecular disorders determining their particularly malignant nature are aberrations in the pathways responsible for cell growth and angiogenesis, such as the PI3K\/Akt or RAS\/MAPK\/ERK signaling pathway, as well as excessive activity of enzymes, like hexokinases, which play a key role in glycolysis, autophagy, and apoptosis. The multitude of alterations detected in glioma cells, high heterogeneity, and the immunosuppressive environment within the tumor are the main features causing failures in the attempts to implement modern therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16050600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,20]],"date-time":"2025-05-20T04:48:18Z","timestamp":1747716498000},"page":"600","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Signaling Pathways in Gliomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Paulina","family":"Stachyra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"II Department of Oncology and Clinical Immunology with Day Chemotherapy, Oncology Centre of the Lublin Region, Jaczewskiego 7, 20-090 Lublin, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmi\u0142a","family":"Grzybowska-Szatkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiotherapy, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1545-1","article-title":"The 2016 World Health Organization Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A summary","volume":"131","author":"Louis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nox091","article-title":"Global incidence of malignant brain and other central nervous system tumors by histology, 2003\u20132007","volume":"19","author":"Leece","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-020-03451-6","article-title":"Trends in glioblastoma: Outcomes over time and type of intervention: A systematic evidence based analysis","volume":"147","author":"Wijesekera","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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