{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:31:34Z","timestamp":1787963494867,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]],"date-time":"2025-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014750","name":"Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDOC24-06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDOC24-06"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014750","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014750","name":"Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INDI24-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INDI24-38"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014750","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014750","name":"Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GIR24-30"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GIR24-30"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014750","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014750","name":"Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICLINIC24-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICLINIC24-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014750","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The mammalian immune system, including key components such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), lymphocytes, and cytokines, plays a vital role in defending against diseases. In dogs, genetic polymorphisms and epigenetic regulation of immune-related genes contribute to breed-specific differences in susceptibility or resistance to infectious, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. Cytokines, essential for immune cell differentiation and activation, exhibit variable expression among breeds due to genetic factors like single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and miRNA regulation. This variability influences immune responses not only to infections but also to chronic inflammatory conditions and cancer, providing insights for improved diagnosis, treatment, and breeding. Selective breeding has further shaped diverse immune phenotypes across breeds, especially through genetic variations in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region, which affect vulnerability to immune-mediated and immunodeficiency disorders. Recent studies emphasize the role of specific miRNAs in modulating immune responses during parasitic and viral infections, opening new avenues for precision veterinary medicine and immunotherapy. This review highlights the genetic and epigenetic regulation of immune genes in dogs and explores their potential applications in advancing veterinary diagnostics, therapeutics, and breeding strategies to enhance canine health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16070764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T10:45:08Z","timestamp":1751366708000},"page":"764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genetic Regulation of Immune Response in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pablo","family":"Barrag\u00e1n-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research Group, Departamento Producci\u00f3n y Sanidad Animal, Salud P\u00fablica y Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos (PASASPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Balastegui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research Group, Departamento Producci\u00f3n y Sanidad Animal, Salud P\u00fablica y Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos (PASASPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9593-3476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo Jes\u00fas","family":"Mar\u00edn-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Producci\u00f3n y Sanidad Animal, Salud P\u00fablica y Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos (PASASPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9806-9174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lola","family":"Llobat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research Group, Departamento Producci\u00f3n y Sanidad Animal, Salud P\u00fablica y Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda de los Alimentos (PASASPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esg002","article-title":"Molecular Organization of the Canine Major Histocompatibility Complex","volume":"94","author":"Wagner","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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