{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T19:29:21Z","timestamp":1771010961507,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the China Institute of Sport Science","award":["13-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13-13"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the China Institute of Sport Science","award":["14-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-08"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the China Institute of Sport Science","award":["2012BAK23B01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012BAK23B01"]}]},{"name":"National Science &amp; Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan Period","award":["13-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13-13"]}]},{"name":"National Science &amp; Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan Period","award":["14-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-08"]}]},{"name":"National Science &amp; Technology Pillar Program during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan Period","award":["2012BAK23B01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012BAK23B01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: To investigate associations between Follistatin (FST) gene polymorphisms (SNPs) and baseline musculoskeletal traits, and their interactions with 16-week exercise interventions. Methods: A cohort of 470 untrained Northern Han Chinese adults (208 males, 262 females), sourced from the \u201cResearch on Key Technologies for an Exercise and Fitness Expert Guidance System\u201d project, was analyzed. These participants were previously randomly assigned to one of four exercise groups (Hill, Running, Cycling, Combined) or a non-exercising Control group, and completed their respective 16-week protocols. Body composition, bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and serum follistatin levels were all assessed pre- and post-intervention. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was utilized for the body composition, BMC, and BMD measurements. FST SNPs (rs3797296, rs3797297) were genotyped using matrix assisted laser desorption\/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF MS) or microarrays. To elucidate the biological mechanisms, we performed in silico functional analyses for rs3797296 and rs3797297. Results: Baseline: In females only, the rs3797297 T allele was associated with higher muscle mass (\u03b2 = 1.159, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.202\u20132.116, P_adj = 0.034) and BMC (\u03b2 = 0.127, 95% CI: 0.039\u20130.215, P_adj = 0.009), with the BMC effect significantly mediated by muscle mass. Exercise Response: Interventions improved body composition, particularly in females. Gene-Exercise Interaction: A significant interaction occurred exclusively in women undertaking hill climbing: the rs3797296 G allele was associated with attenuated muscle mass gains (\u03b2 = \u22121.126 kg, 95% CI: \u22121.767 to \u22120.485, P_adj = 0.034). Baseline follistatin correlated with body composition (stronger in males) and increased post-exercise (primarily in males, Hill\/Running groups) but did not mediate SNP effects on exercise adaptation. Functional annotation revealed that rs3797297 is a likely causal variant, acting as a skeletal muscle eQTL for the mitochondrial gene NDUFS4, suggesting a mechanism involving muscle bioenergetics. Conclusions: Findings indicate that FST polymorphisms associate with musculoskeletal traits in Northern Han Chinese. Mechanistic insights from functional annotation reveal potential pathways for these associations, highlighting the potential utility of these genetic markers for optimizing training program design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16070810","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T14:22:36Z","timestamp":1752243756000},"page":"810","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["FST Polymorphisms Associate with Musculoskeletal Traits and Modulate Exercise Response Differentially by Sex and Modality in Northern Han Chinese Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5140-9792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Experimental Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China"},{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhuangzhuang","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronghua","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Experimental Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiru","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Experimental Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Experimental Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China"},{"name":"School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Experimental Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100091, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0241-726X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zihong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Comprehensive Experimental Center, China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing 100061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k2575","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2575","article-title":"Predicted Lean Body Mass, Fat Mass, and All Cause and Cause Specific Mortality in Men: Prospective US Cohort Study","volume":"362","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehae666.2892","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae666.2892","article-title":"Revisiting the Obesity Paradox: Lean Body Mass, Fat Mass, and Mortality in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation","volume":"45","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. 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