{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,6]],"date-time":"2026-06-06T01:33:02Z","timestamp":1780709582334,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, the National Eye Institute","award":["DC900065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC900065"]}]},{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, the National Eye Institute","award":["P30-EY012576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-EY012576"]}]},{"name":"UC Davis Medical School Dean\u2019s Fund for laboratory startup","award":["DC900065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC900065"]}]},{"name":"UC Davis Medical School Dean\u2019s Fund for laboratory startup","award":["P30-EY012576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-EY012576"]}]},{"name":"NEI Core Facilities","award":["DC900065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DC900065"]}]},{"name":"NEI Core Facilities","award":["P30-EY012576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-EY012576"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: The Rs1 exon-1-del rat (Rs1KO) XLRS model shows normal retinal development until postnatal day 12 (P12) when small cystic spaces start to form in the inner nuclear layer. These enlarge rapidly, peak at P15, and then collapse by P19. These events overlap with eye opening at P12\u2013P15. We investigated whether new light-driven retinal activity could contribute to the appearance and progression of schisis cavities in this rat model of XLRS disease. Methods: For dark rearing (D\/D), mating pairs of Rs1KO strain were raised in total darkness in a special vivarium at UC Davis. When pups were born, they were maintained in total darkness, and eyes were collected at P12, P15, and P30 (n = 3\/group) for each of the D\/D and cyclic light-reared 12 h light\u201312 h dark (L\/D) Rs1KO and wild-type (WT) littermates. Eyes were fixed, paraffin-embedded, and sectioned. Tissue morphology was examined by H&amp;E and marker expression of retinoschisin1 (Rs1), rhodopsin (Rho), and postsynaptic protein 95 (Psd95) by fluorescent immunohistochemistry. H&amp;E-stained images were analyzed with ImageJ version 1.54h to quantify cavity size using the \u201cAnalyze Particles\u201d function. Results: Small intra-retinal schisis cavities begin to form by P12 in the inner retina of both D\/D and L\/D animals. Cavity formation was equivalent or more pronounced in D\/D animals than in L\/D animals. We compared Iba1 (activation marker of immune cells) distribution and found that by P12, when schisis appeared, Iba1+ cells had accumulated in regions of schisis. Iba1+ cells were more abundant in Rs1KO animals than WT animals and appeared slightly more prevalent in D\/D- than L\/D-reared Rs1KO animals. We compared photoreceptor development using Rho, Rs1, and Psd95 expression, and these were similar; however, the outer segments (OSs) of D\/D animals with Rho labeling at P12 were longer than L\/D animals. Conclusions: The results showed that cavities formed at the same time in D\/D and L\/D XLRS rat pups, indicating that the timing of schisis formation is not light stimulus-driven but rather appears to be a result of developmental events. Cavity size tended to be larger under dark-rearing conditions in D\/D animals, which could be due to the decreased rate of phagocytosis by the RPE in the dark, allowing for continued growth of the OSs without the usual shedding of the distal tip, a key mechanism behind dark adaptation in the retina. These results highlight the complexity of XLRS pathology; however, we found no evidence that light-driven metabolic activity accounted for schisis cavity formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16070815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T15:19:31Z","timestamp":1752247171000},"page":"815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dark Rearing Does Not Alter Developmental Retinoschisis Cavity Formation in Rs1 Gene Knockout Rat Model of X-Linked Retinoschisis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0275-8088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zeljka","family":"Smit-McBride","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"},{"name":"Vitreoretinal Research Lab, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2384-1502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In Hwan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serafina","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology & Human Anatomy, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2918-577X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul A.","family":"Sieving","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Center, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-21016","article-title":"Rearing Light Intensity Affects Inner Retinal Pathology in a Mouse Model of X-Linked Retinoschisis but Does Not Alter Gene Therapy Outcome","volume":"58","author":"Marangoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. 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