{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:30:31Z","timestamp":1760059831417,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752796800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Life Sciences","award":["VKT\/MN-9\/T\u017b\/23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VKT\/MN-9\/T\u017b\/23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial disorder influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate associations between selected polymorphisms (CYP19, INSR, FTO, MC4R) and the clinical manifestations of PCOS in a Polish female population. Methods: A total of 50 women (25 with PCOS and 25 healthy controls) were included. Genetic variants were identified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based methods. The frequencies of genotypes and alleles were compared between groups. Clinical symptoms such as irregular menstruation, hirsutism, acne, androgenetic alopecia, and overweight were assessed in relation to genotype. Results: No significant differences were found in genotype distributions for CYP19, FTO, INSR, or MC4R between PCOS and control groups. The MC4R polymorphisms showed deviations from Hardy\u2013Weinberg equilibrium, possibly reflecting population-specific effects. Conclusions: Although most analyzed variants were not directly associated with PCOS in this cohort, the observed link between INSR rs1799817 and acne suggests a role in androgen-related symptoms. These findings contribute new insights to the genetic background of PCOS in Polish women and support the need for further studies combining genetic and phenotypic data in diverse populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16070840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T13:33:27Z","timestamp":1752845607000},"page":"840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dietary and Genetic Aspects of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Polish Women\u2014Part II: Association of CYP19, FTO, MC4R and INSR Gene Polymorphisms with Clinical Symptoms of PCOS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7664-1240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Nowosad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., 20-704 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1218-3225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Ostrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., 20-704 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1774-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Glibowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 8 Skromna St., 20-704 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7776-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"I\u0142owiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Clinic, Department of Clinical Dietetics, Medical University of Lublin, 7 Chodzki St., 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8749-9657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Koch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2012.03.020","article-title":"Association of polycystic ovary syndrome susceptibility single nucleotide polymorphism rs2479106 and PCOS in Caucasian patients with PCOS or hirsutism as referral diagnosis","volume":"163","author":"Eriksen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. 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