{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:35:06Z","timestamp":1760060106401,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Thematic Project","award":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"]}]},{"name":"FAPESP Research Fellowship","award":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"]}]},{"name":"Senior Post-Doctoral Fellowship from CNPq","award":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"]}]},{"name":"CNPq Fellowship","award":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"]}]},{"name":"DSc CNPq Fellowship","award":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"]}]},{"name":"TTIII FAPESP","award":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"]}]},{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior-Brasil (CAPES)","award":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["08\/58075-8","15\/23930-9","150737\/2014-9","304686\/2022-0","140144\/2016-1","141921\/2019-6","2013\/18633-0","001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Global warming and rising CO2 concentrations pose significant challenges to plant systems. Amid these pressures, this study contributes to understanding how tropical species respond by simultaneously evaluating reproductive and genetic traits. It specifically investigates the effects of maternal exposure to warming and elevated CO2 on progeny physiology, genetic diversity, and population structure in Stylosanthes capitata, a resilient forage legume native to Brazil. Methods: Maternal plants were cultivated under controlled treatments, including ambient conditions (control), elevated CO2 at 600 ppm (eCO2), elevated temperature at +2 \u00b0C (eTE), and their combined exposure (eTEeCO2), within a Trop-T-FACE field facility (Temperature Free-Air Controlled Enhancement and Free-Air Carbon Dioxide Enrichment). Seed traits (seeds per inflorescence, hundred-seed mass, abortion, non-viable seeds, coat color, germination at 32, 40, 71 weeks) and abnormal seedling rates were quantified. Genetic diversity metrics included the average (A) and effective (Ae) number of alleles, observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity, and inbreeding coefficient (Fis). Population structure was assessed using Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA), Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA), number of migrants per generation (Nm), and genetic differentiation index (Fst). Two- and three-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used to evaluate factor effects. Results: Compared to control conditions, warming increased seeds per inflorescence (+46%), reduced abortion (\u221242.9%), non-viable seeds (\u221257%), and altered coat color. The germination speed index (GSI +23.5%) and germination rate (Gr +11%) improved with warming; combined treatments decreased germination time (GT \u22129.6%). Storage preserved germination traits, with warming enhancing performance over time and reducing abnormal seedlings (\u221254.5%). Conversely, elevated CO2 shortened GSI in late stages, impairing germination efficiency. Warming reduced Ae (\u221235%), He (\u221220%), and raised Fis (maternal 0.50, progeny 0.58), consistent with the species\u2019 mixed mating system; A and Ho were unaffected. Allele frequency shifts suggested selective pressure under eTE. Warming induced slight structure in PCoA, and AMOVA detected 1% (maternal) and 9% (progeny) variation. Fst = 0.06 and Nm = 3.8 imply environmental influence without isolation. Conclusions: Warming significantly shapes seed quality, reproductive success, and genetic diversity in S. capitata. Improved reproduction and germination suggest adaptive advantages, but higher inbreeding and reduced diversity may constrain long-term resilience. The findings underscore the need for genetic monitoring and broader genetic bases in cultivars confronting environmental stressors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16080913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T10:55:37Z","timestamp":1753872937000},"page":"913","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Warming in the Maternal Environment Alters Seed Performance and Genetic Diversity of Stylosanthes capitata, a Tropical Legume Forage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Priscila Marlys S\u00e1","family":"Rivas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (FMRP-USP\/RP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Genetics Graduate Program, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (FMRP-USP\/RP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9895-2840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Bonif\u00e1cio-Anacleto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (FMRP-USP\/RP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Genetics Graduate Program, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (FMRP-USP\/RP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Schuster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longping High-Tech, SP-330, km 296, Cravinhos 14140-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0246-9481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Alberto","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto School of Philosophy, Science and Literature (FFCLRP-USP\/RP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14040-901, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3389-7048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Lilia","family":"Alzate-Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plant Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (FMRP-USP\/RP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Genetics Graduate Program, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto (FMRP-USP\/RP), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"IPCC (2025, March 01). The Summary for Policymakers\u2014Synthesis Report of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). 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