{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:39:13Z","timestamp":1788439153686,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]],"date-time":"2025-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) comprise a heterogenous spectrum of rare neurogenetic disorders predominantly characterized by progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower extremities. Among autosomal-dominant forms of HSP, molecular defects in the SPAST gene\u2014particularly those associated with the SPG4 subtype\u2014represent the most frequent genetic cause. SPAST encodes spastin, a microtubule-severing ATPase, crucial for cytoskeletal remodeling, neuronal connectivity, and intracellular trafficking. Disruption of spastin function can impair neurite outgrowth and synaptic formation, processes increasingly implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Methods: We conducted a comprehensive clinical, neurological, and dysmorphological evaluation of a 4-year-old male. Standardized neuropsychological assessments were administered. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed to identify underlying genetic causes. EEG and 3T-brain MRI were also acquired. Results: The proband harbored two novel de novo heterozygous missense variants in cis of the SPAST gene, displaying the typical features of early-onset and complex HSP, in addition to global developmental delay and severe autism spectrum disorder (ASD), an underexplored manifestation in this rare genetic disorder. Conclusions: These findings broaden the clinical and mutational spectrum of SPG4, underscoring the importance of considering SPAST gene analysis in patients with ASD in the early years of life and early motor delay, even in the presence of only subtle pyramidal signs. We advocate for comprehensive neuropsychiatric assessment in the diagnostic pathway of early-onset complex HSP presentations and support further investigation into the role of spastin in neuronal connectivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16080970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T07:56:06Z","timestamp":1755590166000},"page":"970","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Expanding the Phenotypic Spectrum of SPG4: Autism Spectrum Disorder in Early-Onset and Complex SPAST-HSP and Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2076-8848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo Alberto","family":"Quaranta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Gardani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Andorno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5654-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pichiecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Neuroradiology Department, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6544-7135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Gana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurogenetics Research Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Borgatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8947-9342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Orcesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-996-0011-1","article-title":"Hereditary spastic paraplegia","volume":"6","author":"Fink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. 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