{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:57:23Z","timestamp":1790413043428,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is an inherited disease with genetic and phenotypic variability and an unclear genotype\u2013clinical course relationship. The aim of our study was to assess the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of patients with HCM. Methods: Clinical and genetic data from adult HCM patients treated at a university hospital between 2005 and 2024 were analysed. A comparative analysis of probands with a single pathogenic\/likely pathogenic (P\/LP) variant and without a P\/LP variant was performed. Results: The analysis involved 214 individuals with HCM, 42.1% being females. The median age at HCM diagnosis was 52 (38\u201362) years. P\/LP variants were identified in 92 (43.0%) individuals. Compared to patients without an identified genetic cause, individuals with P\/LP variants had a significantly earlier HCM diagnosis (43.5 (32.3\u201358.0) vs. 54.0 (45.8\u201365.0) years, p &lt; 0.001) and higher maximal thickness on cardiac imaging (17.5 (15.0\u201321.0) vs. 17.0 (15.0\u201319.0) mm, p = 0.009 on transthoracic echocardiography and 21.0 (18.0\u201323.0) vs. 18.0 (16.0\u201320.0) mm, p &lt; 0.001 on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging). During the median follow-up of 4.2 (1.6\u20136.8) years, individuals with P\/LP HCM variants had earlier onset of atrial fibrillation (p = 0.021), ventricular tachycardia (p = 0.004), heart failure composite (p = 0.006), and overall composite outcome (p = 0.002). No difference between the groups was observed when hazard ratios for clinical outcomes were adjusted by age at HCM diagnosis and gender. Conclusions: Genotype influences HCM phenotype, as patients with P\/LP variants experience earlier onset and more pronounced hypertrophy. However, once diagnosed, genotype may not predict the outcomes of HCM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16091090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T11:19:31Z","timestamp":1758021571000},"page":"1090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Genotype-Phenotype Relationship in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dovil\u0117","family":"\u017debrauskien\u0117","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0372-6996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egl\u0117","family":"Sadauskien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7571-4989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roma","family":"Puronait\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Institute of Data Science and Digital Technologies, Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Vilnius University, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u016bta","family":"Masiulien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2321-9799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramun\u0117","family":"Vai\u0161nor\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Data Science and Digital Technologies, Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Vilnius University, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nomeda","family":"Brat\u010dikovien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Mathematical Statistics, Faculty of Fundamental Sciences, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, LT-10223  Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nomeda","family":"Valevi\u010dien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Medical Physics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1600-9355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u016brat\u0117","family":"Barysien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audron\u0117","family":"Jakaitien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Institute of Data Science and Digital Technologies, Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Vilnius University, LT-08412 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egl\u0117","family":"Preik\u0161aitien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Medical Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad194","article-title":"2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiomyopathies: Developed by the task force on the management of cardiomyopathies of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"44","author":"Arbelo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. 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