{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T05:11:50Z","timestamp":1760505110012,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Germline pathogenic variants in NSD1 cause Sotos syndrome, a developmental disorder characterised by overgrowth, intellectual disability, macrocephaly, developmental anomalies, and, in some cases, tumour development. Familial cases of Sotos syndrome are rare and genotype\u2013phenotype correlations are not well described. NSD1, a lysine-specific histone methyltransferase, is an important epigenetic regulator and pathogenic variants in NSD1 are associated with a distinctive blood DNA methylation pattern (episignature). We described a family with an NSD1 exon 3 deletion and an atypical clinical phenotype. Methods: DNA episignature profiling was undertaken with a next generation sequencing-based approach. Results: Within the family, the three affected individuals showed clinical variability with the proband being most severely affected, although none showed unequivocal macrocephaly or the characteristic facial features of Sotos syndrome. DNA methylation profiling was performed in the three affected family members, eight individuals with Sotos syndrome, and compared to control samples. The eight individuals with Sotos syndrome displayed genome-wide hypomethylation as previously described. DNA hypomethylation was also apparent in the three family members with the NSD1 exon 3 deletion with the proband being most similar to the episignature observed in confirmed Sotos syndrome patients. The two more mildly affected relatives had less pronounced DNA hypomethylation. Conclusions: A familial germline exon 3 NSD1 deletion was associated with mild Sotos syndrome phenotype with variable expressivity and a DNA methylation episignature that was less marked in milder cases than in individuals with classical Sotos syndrome. These findings support the use of methylation episignature analysis to explore intrafamilial variability in chromatin disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16101190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:13:27Z","timestamp":1760361207000},"page":"1190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Familial NSD1 Exon 3 Deletion Associated with Phenotypic and Epigenetic Variability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2806-3268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunwoo Liv","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK"},{"name":"Peninsula Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter EX1 2ED, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1850-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dalit","family":"May","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ciara","family":"Batterton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"West Midlands Genomics Laboratory, Birmingham Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eguzkine","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7429-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryndis","family":"Yngvadottir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1488-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meena","family":"Balasubramanian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK"},{"name":"Sheffield Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children\u2019s NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield S10 2TH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"O\u2019Driscoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7880-0628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Tischkowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"France","family":"Docquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"},{"name":"Stratified Medicine Core Laboratory NGS Hub, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fay","family":"Rodger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"},{"name":"Stratified Medicine Core Laboratory NGS Hub, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ezequiel","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"},{"name":"Stratified Medicine Core Laboratory NGS Hub, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Toribio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"},{"name":"Stratified Medicine Core Laboratory NGS Hub, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6226-6918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eamonn R.","family":"Maher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"},{"name":"Clinical Genetics Unit, Birmingham Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s NHS Trust, Birmingham B15 2TG, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Genetics, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"},{"name":"Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B7 4ET, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196407162710301","article-title":"Cerebral gigantism in childhood A syndrome of excessively rapid growth with acromegalic features and a 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