{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:07:31Z","timestamp":1791587251496,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008908","name":"University of Messina","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have revolutionized infertility treatment, leading to the birth of over 10 million children worldwide. Despite their success, increasing concerns have been expressed regarding the potential long-term outcomes of ART-conceived individuals, particularly in relation to imprinting disorders (IDs). IDs result from the abnormal expression of imprinted genes, which are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner and regulated by epigenetic mechanisms (e.g., DNA methylation). Disruption of these processes, through environmental, genetic, or procedural factors, can lead to disorders such as Beckwith\u2013Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), Silver\u2013Russell syndrome (SRS), Angelman syndrome (AS), and Prader\u2013Willi syndrome (PWS). These syndromes are characterized by distinct clinical features, including growth abnormalities, neurodevelopmental delay, endocrine dysfunction, and cancer predisposition. ART procedures, especially ovarian hyperstimulation, in vitro fertilization (IVF), and embryo culture, coincide with critical periods of epigenetic reprogramming and may contribute to epimutations in imprinting control regions. In this review, we explored epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and prenatal diagnostic strategies related to these four IDs in the context of ART. The findings suggest a higher prevalence of BWS and SRS in ART-conceived children. The data regarding AS and PWS are more controversial, with conflicting results across populations and methodologies. Although a causal link between ART and IDs remains debated, evidence suggests the potential contribution of ART procedures to epigenetic dysregulation in susceptible individuals. Further large-scale, methodologically rigorous studies will be essential to clarify this association and inform safer ART practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16101242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T13:42:03Z","timestamp":1761054123000},"page":"1242","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Imprinting Disorders and Epigenetic Alterations in Children Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Mechanisms, Clinical Outcomes, and Prenatal Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7421-0903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Gambadauro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Chirico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4166-2030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Galletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Gulino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9143-4637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Chimenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Serraino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7552-3932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Immacolata","family":"Rulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Manganaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloisa","family":"Gitto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3038-1759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Marseglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University Hospital \u201cG. Martino\u201d, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kushnir, V.A., Barad, D.H., Albertini, D.F., Darmon, S.K., and Gleicher, N. (2017). Systematic review of worldwide trends in assisted reproductive technology 2004\u20132013. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-016-0225-2"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2018.12.001","article-title":"Towards the global coverage of a unified registry of IVF outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Fauser","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. 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