{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T04:49:46Z","timestamp":1770526186799,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the public welfare research project of Jiaxing science and technology bureau","award":["2022AD10030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022AD10030"]}]},{"name":"the scientific research fund of the Zhejiang provincial education department","award":["Y202147818"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y202147818"]}]},{"name":"the provincial college students' innovative entrepreneurial training plan program of Jiaxing Nanhu University","award":["S202513291038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202513291038"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, and dysregulated metal metabolism in the brain is closely linked to its pathogenesis. Methods: In this study, we identified differentially expressed metal metabolism-related genes (DEMGs) associated with AD by integrating data from the GEO dataset GSE132903 and the GeneCards database. Protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was used to identify hub genes, followed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to assess their diagnostic potential as AD biomarkers. To validate these findings, we performed qRT-PCR experiments on a cellular model and further verified the results using an independent external dataset. Finally, we developed a multigene diagnostic model and constructed a nomogram to predict AD risk. Results: The results demonstrated that six out of the ten hub genes achieved an area under the curve (AUC) greater than 0.75, and four genes (GAD1, GFAP, SYP, and UQCRC2) showed significant potential as candidate biomarkers for AD after further validation. A multigene diagnostic model based on these genes demonstrated strong predictive performance (AUC = 0.861), and a nomogram with high predictive accuracy (C-index = 0.861) was developed to facilitate individualized AD risk assessment. Conclusions: This study identifies four metal metabolism-related genes as promising diagnostic biomarkers for AD and provides a validated multigene model along with a clinically applicable nomogram for individualized risk assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16111287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T17:38:22Z","timestamp":1761759502000},"page":"1287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Identification of a Four-Gene Signature Based on Metal Metabolism for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dandan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shasha","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunhan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linxi","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1617-5941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.10.558","article-title":"Metallostasis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"62","author":"Ayton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free Radic. 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