{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T17:22:55Z","timestamp":1778001775778,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctoral Fund Project of Hulunbuir College","award":["2020BS12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020BS12"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Fund Project of Hulunbuir College","award":["2023BSJJ08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023BSJJ08"]}]},{"name":"Hulunbuir College General Natural Science Project","award":["2020ZKYB14"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZKYB14"]}]},{"name":"Task Book of the Special Project for Basic Research Business Expenses of Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology","award":["2023JK06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JK06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Seasonal reproduction in mammals is primarily regulated by the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013ovarian (HPO) axis, yet its molecular mechanisms in subterranean rodents living in light-restricted environments remain poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the transcriptional regulation of the HPO axis during seasonal estrus in the Manchurian zokor (Myospalax psilurus, M. psilurus), a fossorial rodent exhibiting distinct breeding cycles despite perpetual darkness. Methods: Hypothalamic, pituitary, and ovarian tissues were collected from female zokors during estrus and anestrus (n = 5 per group). RNA sequencing was performed, followed by de novo transcriptome assembly and bioinformatic analyses. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using edgeR, and functional enrichment was assessed via GO and KEGG analyses. Key DEGs were validated by RT-qPCR. Results: A total of 513, 292, and 138 DEGs were identified in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and ovary, respectively. GO analysis highlighted enrichment in G-protein-coupled receptor signaling, oxidation\u2013reduction processes, and calcium ion binding. KEGG pathway analysis revealed significant enrichment of the neuroactive ligand\u2013receptor interaction pathway across all three tissues. Key candidate genes included Trh and Mc3r in the hypothalamus, Pitx2 and NR4A2 in the pituitary, and PTGER2 and Sphk1 in the ovary. Conclusions: This study provides the first comprehensive transcriptomic profile of the HPO axis in Manchurian zokors during seasonal estrus. The neuroactive ligand\u2013receptor interaction pathway appears central to reproductive regulation, and several tissue-specific genes were identified as potential regulators of seasonal breeding. These findings enhance our understanding of reproductive adaptation in subterranean mammals and offer a foundation for further functional studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16111289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T01:23:59Z","timestamp":1761873839000},"page":"1289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Hypothalamic\u2013Pituitary\u2013Ovarian Axis Regulation in the Manchurian Zokor (Myospalax psilurus) During Seasonal Estrus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rile","family":"Nai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Hulunbuir University, Hulunbuir 021008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Hulunbuir University, Hulunbuir 021008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saru","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hulunbuir Academy of Inland Lakes in Northern Cold & Arid Areas, Hulunbuir 021008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Hulunbuir University, Hulunbuir 021008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuerong","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Hulunbuir University, Hulunbuir 021008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Hulunbuir University, Hulunbuir 021008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Buqin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Hulunbuir University, Hulunbuir 021008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuchun","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hebei Key Laboratory of Specialty Animal Germplasm Resources Exploration and Innovation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duhu","family":"Man","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Hulunbuir University, Hulunbuir 021008, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baohui, Y., Kang, A., Yukun, K., Yuchen, T., Degang, Z., and Junhu, S. (2023). Reproductive Suppression Caused by Spermatogenic Arrest: Transcriptomic Evidence from a Non-Social Animal. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054611"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0870707","article-title":"Social cues can play a role in timing onset of the breeding season of the ewe","volume":"87","author":"Wayne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.70","article-title":"Control of puberty onset and fertility by gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons","volume":"12","author":"Allan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7010005","article-title":"Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis Disorders Impacting Female Fertility","volume":"7","author":"Sasha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068882","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1068882","article-title":"Analysis of reproduction-related transcriptomes on pineal-hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian tissues during estrus and anestrus in Tan sheep","volume":"9","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2022.105230","article-title":"The roles of GnRH in the human central nervous system","volume":"145","author":"Nimmi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"15","article-title":"Comparison and analysis of lincRNAs expression profile in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis of anestrous and estrous primiparous sows","volume":"42","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2014.05.024","article-title":"A circannual clock drives expression of genes central for seasonal reproduction","volume":"24","author":"Monecke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-08001-6","article-title":"Revelation of candidate genes and molecular mechanism of reproductive seasonality in female rohu (Labeo rohita Ham.) by RNA sequencing","volume":"22","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"717","article-title":"Research advances in endogenous annual clock and photosensitive neural circuitry regulating seasonal breeding in mammals","volume":"52","author":"Yao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, A., Baohui, Y., Yukun, K., Mingfang, B., Yuchen, T., Qiangsheng, P., and Junhu, S. (2022). Seasonal Expression of Gonadotropin Genes in the Pituitary and Testes of Male Plateau Zokor (Eospalax baileyi). Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12060725"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1461","article-title":"Complete mitochondrial genome of Manchurian Zokor (Myospalax psilurus)","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp. Seq. Anal."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12773","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.4705","article-title":"The burrow behavior and influenced factors of a prairie subterranean zokor (Myospalax psilurus)","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"441","article-title":"Activity intensity of Manchurian zokor and its relationship with soil temperature and humidity","volume":"41","author":"Man","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Theriol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, Y., Di, R., Yang, Y., Liu, Q., and Chu, M. (2021). Transcriptome Analysis of Neuroendocrine Regulation of Ovine Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovary Axis during Ovine Anestrus and the Breeding Season. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12121861"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-020-00277-5","article-title":"The Emerging Key Role of Klotho in the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis","volume":"28","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(99)00113-X","article-title":"Nutritional influences on the hormonal control of reproduction in female pigs","volume":"63","author":"Prunier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04603-x","article-title":"Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis of the porcine hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis","volume":"7","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-019-0150-2","article-title":"RNA sequencing: The teenage years","volume":"20","author":"Rory","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1364","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1364","article-title":"RNA-Seq methods for transcriptome analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hrdlickova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2018.08.031","article-title":"Genome-wide transcriptome profiling in ovaries of small-tail Han sheep during the follicular and luteal phases of the oestrous cycle","volume":"197","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1883","article-title":"Full-length transcriptome assembly from RNA-Seq data without a reference genome","volume":"29","author":"Grabherr","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0185020","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0185020","article-title":"Challenges and advances for transcriptome assembly in non-model species","volume":"12","author":"Ungaro","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, Y., Li, C., Li, X., Ni, W., Yao, R., Xu, Y., Quan, R., Li, H., Zhang, M., and Liu, L. (2020). Identification and Profiling of Pituitary microRNAs of Sheep during Anestrus and Estrus Stages. Animals, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10030402"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00597","article-title":"Evidence That the LH Surge in Ewes Involves Both Neurokinin B-Dependent and -Independent Actions of Kisspeptin","volume":"160","author":"Goodman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111358","article-title":"Kiss1 is differentially regulated in male and female mice by the homeodomain transcription factor VAX1","volume":"534","author":"Lavalle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4378","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex229","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomic analysis of high and low egg-producing duck ovaries","volume":"96","author":"Tao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-022-08483-y","article-title":"Transcriptomic analyses of the HPG axis-related tissues reveals potential candidate genes and regulatory pathways associated with egg production in ducks","volume":"23","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2019.106114","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of ovary in relatively greater and lesser egg producing Jinghai Yellow Chicken","volume":"208","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2019.105290","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis reveals potential mechanisms of toxicity in a combined exposure to dibutyl phthalate and diisobutyl phthalate in zebrafish (Danio rerio) ovary","volume":"216","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1","article-title":"Identification of reproduction-related genes and pathways in the Culter alburnus H-P-G axis and characterization of their expression differences in malformed and normal gynogenetic ovaries","volume":"47","author":"Yong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0143219","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143219","article-title":"Reproductive Hormone and Transcriptomic Responses of Pituitary Tissue in Anestrus Gilts Induced by Nutrient Restriction","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00501","article-title":"Genome-Wide Analysis on the Landscape of Transcriptomes and Their Relationship With DNA Methylomes in the Hypothalamus Reveals Genes Related to Sexual Precocity in Jining Gray Goats","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2591","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1326","article-title":"Prolactin secretion in mice with thyrotropin-releasing hormone deficiency","volume":"147","author":"Yamada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, G.K., Zheng, Y., Guo, H.X., Wang, H.Q., Ji, Z.H., Wang, T., Yu, S., Zhang, J.B., Yuan, B., and Ren, W.Z. (2022). TRH Regulates the Synthesis and Secretion of Prolactin in Rats with Adenohypophysis through the Differential Expression of miR-126a-5p. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232415914"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"bqac195","article-title":"TRH and NPY Interact to Regulate Dynamic Changes in Energy Balance in the Male Zebra Finch","volume":"164","author":"Omprakash","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5486","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4861-12.2014","article-title":"Leptin modulates the intrinsic excitability of AgRP\/NPY neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus","volume":"34","author":"Baver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, S., Zhang, G., Wei, W., Zhang, Y., Li, X., and Yang, D. (2021). Mechanism of Leptin on Impaired Ovarian Reserve Function After Cold Exposure in Female Rats. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-1080136\/v1"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04088-9","article-title":"MC3R links nutritional state to childhood growth and the timing of puberty","volume":"599","author":"Lam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R124","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0068","article-title":"Novel insights into the metabolic action of Kiss1 neurons","volume":"9","author":"Rajae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1159\/000489811","article-title":"Overexpression of PCK1 Gene Antagonizes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Through the Activation of Gluconeogenesis and Suppression of Glycolysis Pathways Cell Physiol Biochem","volume":"47","author":"Yufu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12813","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12813","article-title":"Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia suppresses pulsatile luteinising hormone secretion and arcuate Kiss1 cell activation in female mice","volume":"31","author":"McCosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeshi, I., Toshiya, M., Kiyohito, Y., Yiliyasi, M., Rie, Y., Yuri, Y., Akira, K., and Minoru, I. (2018). Effects of Low Energy Availability on Reproductive Functions Their Underlying Neuroendocrine Mechanisms. J. Clin. Med., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7070166"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7438","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602371103","article-title":"A neuropeptide ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor GPR103 regulates feeding, behavioral arousal, and blood pressure in mice","volume":"103","author":"Takayasu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2005-1580","article-title":"RFamide peptide QRFP43 causes obesity with hyperphagia and reduced thermogenesis in mice","volume":"147","author":"Ryuichi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2016.02.005","article-title":"RF-amide neuropeptides and their receptors in Mammals: Pharmacological properties, drug development and main physiological functions","volume":"160","author":"Safia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1686208","article-title":"Deciphering the function of canonical Wnt signals in development and disease: Conditional loss- and gain-of-function mutations of beta-catenin in mice","volume":"22","author":"Tamara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2005-0052","article-title":"PITX genes are required for cell survival and Lhx3 activation","volume":"19","author":"Michael","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1262\/jrd.2023-090","article-title":"Parallel expression patterns of NR4A nuclear receptor family genes in the pituitary gland of proestrus rats","volume":"70","author":"Ryota","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-017-0164-8","article-title":"Two novel LHX3 mutations in patients with combined pituitary hormone deficiency including cervical rigidity and sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"17","author":"Khushnooda","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"190","article-title":"Roles of the LHX3 and LHX4 LIM-homeodomain factors in pituitary development","volume":"264","author":"Rachel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-35243-z","article-title":"Definition of the estrogen negative feedback pathway controlling the GnRH pulse generator in female mice","volume":"13","author":"McQuillan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R55","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-14-0237","article-title":"Genetic regulation of murine pituitary development","volume":"54","author":"Karine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0128422","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128422","article-title":"Identification of GProtein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) in Primary Cilia Their Possible Involvement in Body Weight Control","volume":"10","author":"Yoshihiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.06-0059","article-title":"Interaction between the photoreceptor-specific tubby-like protein 1 and the neuronal-specific GTPase dynamin-1","volume":"48","author":"Xi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"515","article-title":"Research advances in the role molecular mechanisms of Prostaglandin E2 during ovulation","volume":"27","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10501","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.18.10501","article-title":"Abortive expansion of the cumulus and impaired fertility in mice lacking the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP(2)","volume":"96","author":"Hizaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05415-2","article-title":"SphK-produced S1P in somatic cells is indispensable for LH-EGFR signaling-induced mouse oocyte maturation","volume":"13","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200522710","article-title":"SOCS2 negatively regulates growth hormone action in vitro and in vivo","volume":"115","author":"Christopher","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Li, J. (2020). Molecular Mechanism of NR1D1 in Regulating Estrogen Synthesis in Porcine Ovarian Granulosa Cells. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Northwest A&F University]."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Du, Y. (2005). Photoreception in the Visual System of Gansu Zokor (Eospalax cansus). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Shaanxi Normal University]."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12440","article-title":"Ultraviolet B radiation modifies circadian time in epidermal skin and in subcutaneous adipose tissue","volume":"35","author":"Nikkola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524615","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1524615","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomic rhythms in the mouse and human prefrontal cortex","volume":"18","author":"Burns","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22770","article-title":"Circadian genes and risk of prostate cancer in the prostate cancer prevention trial","volume":"57","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.115.024216","article-title":"Genetic Correlates of Individual Differences in Sleep Behavior of Free-Living Great Tits (Parus major)","volume":"6","author":"Erica","year":"2016","journal-title":"G3"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmab105","article-title":"PJABBS: Roles of NPAS2 in circadian rhythm and disease","volume":"53","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"E368","article-title":"dlI: Na(V)1.1 channels are critical for intercellular communication in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and for normal circadian rhythms","volume":"109","author":"Sung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3086","article-title":"Linking neural activity and molecular oscillations in the SCN","volume":"12","author":"Christopher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873777","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.873777","article-title":"The Many Faces of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 143, an Atypical Intracellular Receptor","volume":"9","author":"Beatriz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13751","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.181484498","article-title":"Biological clock in total darkness: The Clock\/MOP3 circadian system of the blind subterranean mole rat","volume":"98","author":"Avivi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"3089","article-title":"Family Wide Molecular Adaptations to Underground Life in African Mole-Rats Revealed by Phylogenomic Analysis","volume":"32","author":"Kalina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evolut."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Sun, H. (2019). Comparative Study on Circadian Rhythm Regulation Mechanisms in Brandt\u2019s Vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii) and Mandarin Vole (Lasiopodomys mandarinus). [Ph.D. Thesis, Zhengzhou University]."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/16\/11\/1289\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T01:37:20Z","timestamp":1761874640000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/16\/11\/1289"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["genes16111289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes16111289","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]}}}