{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T23:32:20Z","timestamp":1785367940029,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Prior studies have reported a complex interplay between Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and malignancy. Although patients with PD often present a lower general risk for several types of cancer, some forms\u2014including melanoma\u2014show elevated frequency. The present work aimed to evaluate the occurrence of cancers other than melanoma among individuals with sporadic and genetic PD. Methods: We examined medical histories from 1888 participants with PD and 438 healthy controls (HCs) using the Parkinson\u2019s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) dataset, with a focus on neoplastic disease. In cases with positive cancer history, genetic information was additionally assessed [carriers of mutations in the most prevalent PD-related genes were evaluated]. Results: Our results demonstrate that cancer incidence was antecedent to PD diagnosis for the majority of PD patients, while the most common cancer types apart from malignant melanoma were non-melanoma skin cancer and prostate cancer. Conclusions: Regarding genetic PD patients, the most common cancer types in the LRRK2 and GBA1 groups were skin cancer and lymphoma, while PRKN\/PARK2 carriers appeared with an overall increased incidence of cancer. No statistically significant results were observed comparing cancer incidence in PD patients to that in healthy control individuals. Interesting results were obtained by dividing the patients by gender, showing increased cancer risk in female PD patients and female LRRK2 carriers, along with increased breast cancer risk in female PD patients compared to healthy controls.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16111302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T13:22:36Z","timestamp":1762176156000},"page":"1302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of Sporadic and Genetic Parkinson\u2019s Disease with Cancer: Insights from the PPMI Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2655-1145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos","family":"Sfikas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Koros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., and Le, W. 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