{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T05:35:56Z","timestamp":1762925756707,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"key R & D and achievement transformation projects of Inner Mongolia, China","award":["2023YFDZ0048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFDZ0048"]}]},{"name":"National Center of Technology Innovation for Dairy","award":["2023-JSGG-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-JSGG-5"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32160838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32160838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Research Project Funding for Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region First Class Discipline Research Special Project","award":["YLXKZX-NND-012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YLXKZX-NND-012"]}]},{"name":"Technology Support Project of Major Innovation Platform (Base) Construction","award":["KCX2024016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KCX2024016"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia, China","award":["2023LHMS03022","2023LHMS03005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023LHMS03022","2023LHMS03005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum (M. brunneum) is an effective biocontrol agent against various vector arthropods such as ticks, mosquitoes, and flies. However, its virulence mechanisms remain poorly understood, which hinders its broader application. This study aims to establish an integrative framework for prioritizing virulence-related pathways in M. brunneum to aid in the development of more effective biocontrol strategies. Methods: A multidimensional virulence pathway scoring framework was developed using publicly available protein annotation data of M. brunneum. This approach integrates protein pathway enrichment, Gene Ontology (GO) functional analysis, PHI-base virulence factor mapping, and literature-derived evidence. A total of 20 pathways were evaluated, and a scoring system was applied based on protein coverage, Gene Ontology Biological Process (GO-BP) support, PHI-base hits, and literature support. Results: Among the 20 pathways evaluated, five pathways, including MAPK signaling, apoptosis, endocytosis, carbon metabolism, and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites received the highest priority scores. These pathways were identified as key virulence-related candidates, supported by both functional annotation and existing biological evidence. Conclusions: The proposed framework provides a reliable and scalable strategy for prioritizing virulence pathways in entomopathogenic fungi. It offers a solid foundation for subsequent transcriptomic validation, target screening, and functional characterization. This framework can also be applied to other fungi, contributing to the development of optimized biocontrol formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16111363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T13:51:08Z","timestamp":1762782668000},"page":"1363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Integrative Multi-Source Evidence Framework for Prioritizing Virulence-Associated Pathways in Metarhizium brunneum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Wen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Ulanqab Vocational College, Ulanqab 012000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keerzuoyi Middle Banner Livestock Workstation, Tongliao 029300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keerzuoyi Middle Banner Livestock Workstation, Tongliao 029300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"family":"Narisu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keerzuoyi Middle Banner Livestock Workstation, Tongliao 029300, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2761-9466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Medicine Experimental Teaching Center, Hohhot 010018, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perumalsamy, N., Sharma, R., Subramanian, M., and Nagarajan, S.A. (2024). Hard Ticks as Vectors: The Emerging Threat of Tick-Borne Diseases in India. Pathogens, 13.","key":"ref_1","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13070556"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/jisesa\/iew032","article-title":"Oviposition Deterrence and Immature Survival of Filth Flies (Diptera: Muscidae) When Exposed to Commercial Fungal Products","volume":"16","author":"Machtinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Insect Sci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viglietta, M., Bellone, R., Blisnick, A.A., and Failloux, A.-B. (2021). Vector Specificity of Arbovirus Transmission. Front. Microbiol., 12.","key":"ref_3","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.773211"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2025.2475990","article-title":"Understanding Zoonotic Pathogens and Risk Factors from Wildlife in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"45","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-168","article-title":"Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles Gambiae Leads to Increased Susceptibility to the Entomopathogenic Fungi Metarhizium Anisopliae and Beauveria Bassiana","volume":"9","author":"Howard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Malar. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2000.tb05335.x","article-title":"Trials to Control South American Ticks with Entomopathogenic Fungi","volume":"916","author":"Bittencourt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106627","article-title":"Delivery and Effectiveness of Entomopathogenic Fungi for Mosquito and Tick Control: Current Knowledge and Research Challenges","volume":"234","author":"Cafarchia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2021","DOI":"10.1021\/acsagscitech.5c00277","article-title":"Tick Biocontrol Strategy in Dairy Cattle: Drone-Applied Metarhizium anisopliae Fungus as an Alternative to Conventional Acaricides for Reducing Pesticide Residues in Milk","volume":"5","author":"Andrade","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Agric. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D457","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1070","article-title":"KEGG as a Reference Resource for Gene and Protein Annotation","volume":"44","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bbac143","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbac143","article-title":"On the Influence of Several Factors on Pathway Enrichment Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Mubeen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, S.-J., Lu, T.-P., Yu, Q.-Y., and Hsiao, C.K. (2018). Probabilistic Prioritization of Candidate Pathway Association with Pathway Score. BMC Bioinform., 19.","key":"ref_11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2411-z"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jkae190","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkae190","article-title":"Comparative Genomics of Metarhizium Brunneum Strains V275 and ARSEF 4556: Unraveling Intraspecies Diversity","volume":"14","author":"Kortsinoglou","year":"2024","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5825","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab293","article-title":"eggNOG-Mapper v2: Functional Annotation, Orthology Assignments, and Domain Prediction at the Metagenomic Scale","volume":"38","author":"Cantalapiedra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D516","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae987","article-title":"OrthoDB and BUSCO Update: Annotation of Orthologs with Wider Sampling of Genomes","volume":"53","author":"Tegenfeldt","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0176-y","article-title":"Species-Level Functional Profiling of Metagenomes and Metatranscriptomes","volume":"15","author":"Franzosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2676","article-title":"Predictive Functional Profiling of Microbial Communities Using 16S rRNA Marker Gene Sequences","volume":"31","author":"Langille","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1038\/75556","article-title":"Gene Ontology: Tool for the Unification of Biology. The Gene Ontology Consortium","volume":"25","author":"Ashburner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D826","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1084","article-title":"PHI-Base\u2014The Multi-Species Pathogen\u2013Host Interaction Database in 2025","volume":"53","author":"Urban","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.010","article-title":"TBtools-II: A \u201cOne for All, All for One\u201d Bioinformatics Platform for Biological Big-Data Mining","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Z., Fan, Y., Xia, Y., and Jin, K. (2022). MaOpy2, a Transmembrane Protein, Is Involved in Stress Tolerances and Pathogenicity and Negatively Regulates Conidial Yield by Shifting the Conidiation Pattern in Metarhizium Acridum. J. Fungi, 8.","key":"ref_20","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8060587"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6229","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.8961","article-title":"Dissecting the Multifaceted Influence of the MrBHLH1 Transcription Factor on Development, Stress Response, and Virulence in Metarhizium Robertsii","volume":"81","author":"Qu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Yang, T., Yu, W., Wang, X., Zhou, X., and Zhou, X. (2022). Genome-Wide Study of Conidiation-Related Genes in the Aphid-Obligate Fungal Pathogen Conidiobolus Obscurus (Entomophthoromycotina). J. Fungi, 8.","key":"ref_22","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8040389"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10523-0","article-title":"The Transmembrane Protein MaSho1 Negatively Regulates Conidial Yield by Shifting the Conidiation Pattern in Metarhizium Acridum","volume":"104","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0350423","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03504-23","article-title":"A Transcription Factor-Mediated Regulatory Network Controls Fungal Pathogen Colonization of Insect Body Cavities","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kan, Y., He, Z., Keyhani, N.O., Li, N., Huang, S., Zhao, X., Liu, P., Zeng, F., Li, M., and Luo, Z. (2024). A Network of Transcription Factors in Complex with a Regulating Cell Cycle Cyclin Orchestrates Fungal Oxidative Stress Responses. BMC Biol., 22.","key":"ref_25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-024-01884-3"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.7446","article-title":"Fus3\/Kss1-MAP Kinase and Ste12-like Control Distinct Biocontrol-Traits besides Regulation of Insect Cuticle Penetration via Phosphorylation Cascade in a Filamentous Fungal Pathogen","volume":"79","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, D., Tang, X., and Fang, W. (2022). New Downstream Signaling Branches of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascades Identified in the Insect Pathogenic and Plant Symbiotic Fungus Metarhizium Robertsii. Front. Fungal Biol., 3.","key":"ref_27","DOI":"10.3389\/ffunb.2022.911366"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2019.103244","article-title":"MrSt12 Implicated in the Regulation of Transcription Factor AFTF1 by Fus3-MAPK during Cuticle Penetration by the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium Robertsii","volume":"131","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9148-5","article-title":"C-terminal Ser\/Thr Residues Are Vital for the Regulatory Role of Ste7 in the Asexual Cycle and Virulence of Beauveria Bassiana","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2018.01.008","article-title":"Characterization of Three Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase-like Proteins in Beauveria Bassiana","volume":"113","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4091","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13851","article-title":"Two Histidine Kinases Can Sense Different Stress Cues for Activation of the MAPK Hog1 in a Fungal Insect Pathogen","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6941","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-017-8434-y","article-title":"The Hog1-like MAPK Mpk3 Collaborates with Hog1 in Response to Heat Shock and Functions in Sustaining the Biological Control Potential of a Fungal Insect Pathogen","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13671","article-title":"Characterization of the Hog1 MAPK Pathway in the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria Bassiana","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38765","DOI":"10.1038\/srep38765","article-title":"The High Osmotic Response and Cell Wall Integrity Pathways Cooperate to Regulate Morphology, Microsclerotia Development, and Virulence in Metarhizium Rileyi","volume":"6","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.13198","article-title":"MAPK Cascade-Mediated Regulation of Pathogenicity, Conidiation and Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses in the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium Robertsii","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5644-4","article-title":"Bbssk1, a Response Regulator Required for Conidiation, Multi-Stress Tolerance, and Virulence of Beauveria Bassiana","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhu, J., Ying, S.-H., and Feng, M.-G. (2014). Three Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Required for Cell Wall Integrity Contribute Greatly to Biocontrol Potential of a Fungal Entomopathogen. PLoS ONE, 9.","key":"ref_37","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087948"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.059469-0","article-title":"MaHog1, a Hog1-Type Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Gene, Contributes to Stress Tolerance and Virulence of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium Acridum","volume":"158","author":"Jin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Read. Engl."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fgb.2012.05.002","article-title":"The MAP Kinase Bbslt2 Controls Growth, Conidiation, Cell Wall Integrity, and Virulence in the Insect Pathogenic Fungus Beauveria Bassiana","volume":"49","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fungal Genet. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02643.x","article-title":"A Group III Histidine Kinase (Mhk1) Upstream of High-Osmolarity Glycerol Pathway Regulates Sporulation, Multi-Stress Tolerance and Virulence of Metarhizium Robertsii, a Fungal Entomopathogen","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02246-09","article-title":"Requirement of a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase for Appressorium Formation and Penetration of Insect Cuticle by the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria Bassiana","volume":"76","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01913-08","article-title":"Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Hog1 in the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria Bassiana Regulates Environmental Stress Responses and Virulence to Insects","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.1943","article-title":"Production, HPLC Analysis, and in Situ Apoptotic Activities of Swainsonine toward Lepidopteran, Sf-21 Cell Line","volume":"30","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2017.12.010","article-title":"Culture Degeneration in Conidia of Beauveria Bassiana and Virulence Determinants by Proteomics","volume":"122","author":"Jirakkakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01217-20","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01217-20","article-title":"DNM1, a Dynamin-Related Protein That Contributes to Endocytosis and Peroxisome Fission, Is Required for the Vegetative Growth, Sporulation, and Virulence of Metarhizium Robertsii","volume":"86","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-019-09836-6","article-title":"MrArk1, an Actin-Regulating Kinase Gene, Is Required for Endocytosis and Involved in Sustaining Conidiation Capacity and Virulence in Metarhizium Robertsii","volume":"103","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2902","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.12169","article-title":"A Carbon Responsive G-Protein Coupled Receptor Modulates Broad Developmental and Genetic Networks in the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Beauveria Bassiana","volume":"15","author":"Ying","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, Y., Li, M., Liu, Q., Huang, Q., Yang, S., Chen, B., and Peng, Y. (2025). The Virulence of Metarhizium Rileyi to Locusta Migratoria Is Determined by the Ability of the Fungus to Respond to Carbon and Nitrogen Sources. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","key":"ref_48","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094156"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0049921","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00499-21","article-title":"A Novel Nitrogen and Carbon Metabolism Regulatory Cascade Is Implicated in Entomopathogenicity of the Fungus Metarhizium Robertsii","volume":"6","author":"Meng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Msystems"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2016.07.008","article-title":"Up-Regulation of Carbon Metabolism-Related Glyoxylate Cycle and Toxin Production in Beauveria Bassiana JEF-007 during Infection of Bean Bug, Riptortus Pedestris (Hemiptera: Alydidae)","volume":"120","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-6066-z","article-title":"MaSnf1, a Sucrose Non-Fermenting Protein Kinase Gene, Is Involved in Carbon Source Utilization, Stress Tolerance, and Virulence in Metarhizium Acridum","volume":"98","author":"Ming","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8657","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-014-5907-0","article-title":"BbSNF1 Contributes to Cell Differentiation, Extracellular Acidification, and Virulence in Beauveria Bassiana, a Filamentous Entomopathogenic Fungus","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.03.014","article-title":"RNA Sequencing Analysis of Beauveria Bassiana Isolated from Ostrinia Furnacalis Identifies the Pathogenic Genes","volume":"130","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filippou, C., Diss, R.M., Daudu, J.O., Coutts, R.H.A., and Kotta-Loizou, I. (2021). The Polymycovirus-Mediated Growth Enhancement of the Entomopathogenic Fungus Beauveria Bassiana Is Dependent on Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolism. Front. Microbiol., 12.","key":"ref_54","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.606366"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evu241","article-title":"Comparative Genomics and Transcriptomics Analyses Reveal Divergent Lifestyle Features of Nematode Endoparasitic Fungus Hirsutella Minnesotensis","volume":"6","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2556-9","article-title":"Cloning and Functional Analysis of the Second Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Gene Influencing Helvolic Acid Biosynthesis in Metarhizium Anisopliae","volume":"87","author":"Singkaravanit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jip.2017.03.010","article-title":"Transcriptomic Analysis of Two Beauveria Bassiana Strains Grown on Cuticle Extracts of the Silkworm Uncovers Their Different Metabolic Response at Early Infection Stage","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/16\/11\/1363\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T05:32:56Z","timestamp":1762925576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/16\/11\/1363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["genes16111363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes16111363","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2073-4425"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]}}}