{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T11:12:59Z","timestamp":1762859579709,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Thiopurines remain a cornerstone in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and gastrointestinal immune diseases but are associated with significant interindividual variability in efficacy and toxicity, mainly influenced by polymorphisms in Thiopurine S-methyltransferase TPMT and Nudix Hydrolase 15 NUDT15. This study aimed to assess the frequency of TPMT and NUDT15 variants in a pediatric cohort and evaluate their clinical impact to support a pharmacogenetic-guided approach to thiopurine therapy. Methods: Eighty-three pediatric patients with IBD and other autoimmune diseases were genotyped for clinically relevant TPMT and NUDT15 variants using two HRM-PCR assays and were confirmed with sequencing. Variant frequencies were compared to expected population data, and clinical records were reviewed to assess thiopurine dosing, tolerance, and adverse events. Results: Among the cohort, six carried heterozygous TPMT variants *1\/*3A, while 2 carried the NUDT15 *1\/*9 diplotype, with frequencies higher than expected. Among patients with TPMT variant alleles, some needed dose reductions or treatment discontinuation due to adverse effects, while others tolerated standard dosing without significant issues. Notably, no significant differences in adverse reactions were observed between NUDT15 *1\/*9 carriers and wild-type patients. Conclusions: Our results confirm the clinical relevance of TPMT and NUDT15 genotyping to personalize thiopurine therapy in pediatric IBD. Routine implementation of rapid genetic testing, combined with therapeutic drug monitoring and a structured management algorithm, may optimize treatment outcomes and minimize preventable toxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16111372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T10:56:27Z","timestamp":1762858587000},"page":"1372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacogenetic Analysis of TPMT and NUDT15 in a European Pediatric Cohort with IBD and Autoimmune Diseases: Frequency Data and Clinical Relevance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5430-6008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Pau","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1273-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Galliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Specialistic Pediatry, Department of Pediatric Pathology and Care, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7875-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice","family":"Ponte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatric Pathology and Care, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maddalena","family":"Dini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Calvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Specialistic Pediatry, Department of Pediatric Pathology and Care, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Montanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Specialistic Pediatry, Department of Pediatric Pathology and Care, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Pizzol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatric Pathology and Care, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Gambarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pier Luigi","family":"Calvo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatric Pathology and Care, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9291-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Bergallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Laboratory of Specialistic Pediatry, Department of Pediatric Pathology and Care, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.therap.2017.01.005","article-title":"Pharmacogenetics of anti-cancer drugs: State of the art and implementation\u2013 recommendations of the French National Network of 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