{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T10:07:05Z","timestamp":1765879625038,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Veterans Health Service Medical Centre","award":["VHSMC25017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VHSMC25017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Psoriasis and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may share immune-related pathophysiologic characteristics. However, few studies have investigated the relationship between psoriasis and AMD. We assessed the possible causal link between psoriasis and AMD in European populations. Methods: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with psoriasis exposure were employed as instrumental variables (IVs) based on genome-wide significance (p &lt; 5.0 \u00d7\u00a010\u22128) in the FinnGen genome-wide association study (GWAS). The GWAS data for AMD were obtained from 11 studies performed by the International AMD Genomics Consortium. We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) study to estimate causal effects using the inverse-variance weighted, weighted median, and MR-Egger methods, as well as the MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) test. Results: We observed significant causal associations of psoriasis with AMD. Using the weighted median method, the odds ratio (OR) was 1.09 (95% CI = [1.03\u20131.16] and p = 0.005), and using the MR-PRESSO test, the OR was 1.04 (95% CI = [1.00\u20131.09] and p = 0.043). Conclusions: A potential causal association between psoriasis and AMD underscores the need to investigate inflammation as a risk factor for AMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes16121489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T15:27:20Z","timestamp":1765553240000},"page":"1489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Causal Association Between Psoriasis and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0178-0187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Centre, Seoul 05368, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soojin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Veterans Health Service Medical Centre, Seoul 05368, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3127-7160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Je Hyun","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Centre, Seoul 05368, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Veterans Health Service Medical Centre, Seoul 05368, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2147\/PTT.S323281","article-title":"Risk Factors for Psoriasis Flares: A Narrative Review","volume":"14","author":"Potestio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psoriasis Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60282-7","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"379","author":"Lim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e106","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70145-1","article-title":"Global prevalence of age-related macular degeneration and disease burden projection for 2020 and 2040: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Wong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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