{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T06:25:25Z","timestamp":1790576725522,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012024","name":"Multimedia University\u2014Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan Matching","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MMUI\/240092"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMUI\/240092"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine\u2013metabolic disorder in which skeletal muscle insulin resistance contributes substantially to cardiometabolic risk. Pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity in women with PCOS, yet the underlying transcriptional changes and their potential as treatment-response biomarkers remain incompletely defined. We aimed to reanalyse skeletal muscle gene expression from pioglitazone-treated PCOS patients using modern machine learning and network approaches to identify candidate biomarkers and regulatory hubs that may support precision therapy. Methods: Public microarray data (GSE8157) from skeletal muscle of obese women with PCOS and healthy controls were reprocessed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and submitted to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to infer canonical pathways, upstream regulators, and disease functions. Four supervised machine learning algorithms (logistic regression, random forest, support vector machines, and gradient boosting) were trained using multi-step feature selection and 3-fold stratified cross-validation to provide superior Exploratory Gene Analysis. Gene co-expression networks were constructed from the most informative genes to characterize network topology and hub genes. A simulated multi-omics framework combined selected transcripts with representative clinical variables to explore the potential of integrated signatures. Results: We identified 1459 DEGs in PCOS skeletal muscle following pioglitazone, highlighting immune and fibrotic signalling, interferon and epigenetic regulators (including IFNB1 and DNMT3A), and pathways linked to mitochondrial function and extracellular matrix remodelling. Within this dataset, all four machine learning models showed excellent cross-validated discrimination between PCOS and controls, based on a compact gene panel. Random forest feature importance scoring and network centrality consistently prioritized ITK, WT1, BRD1-linked loci and several long non-coding RNAs as key nodes in the co-expression network. Simulated integration of these transcripts with clinical features further stabilized discovery performance, supporting the feasibility of multi-omics biomarker signatures. Conclusions: Reanalysis of skeletal muscle transcriptomes from pioglitazone-treated women with PCOS using integrative machine learning and network methods revealed a focused set of candidate genes and regulatory hubs that robustly separate PCOS from controls in this dataset. These findings generate testable hypotheses about the immunometabolism and epigenetic mechanisms of pioglitazone action and nominate ITK, WT1, BRD1-associated loci and related network genes as promising biomarkers for future validation in larger, independent PCOS cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T08:47:27Z","timestamp":1766998047000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Integrative Machine Learning and Network Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Transcriptomes Identifies Candidate Pioglitazone-Responsive Biomarkers in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1387-1329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Al Athamneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9010-6989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud E.","family":"Farfoura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cybersecurity Department, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7584-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anas","family":"Khaleel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 11196, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0901-3831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tee","family":"Connie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Science & Technology, Multimedia University, Jalan Ayer Keroh Lama, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004","article-title":"Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Fauser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil. 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