{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T05:21:32Z","timestamp":1767244892848,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Prenatal Exome Sequencing (pES) has revolutionized prenatal diagnosis in fetuses with congenital anomalies. Although its performance is very promising, previous pES studies have mainly focused on diagnostic yield, often without considering the actual impact on ongoing pregnancies. In this study, we aim to (1) assess whether a prenatal molecular diagnosis can reliably predict the clinical features of the unborn child and (2) determine the gestational age (gw) at which ultrasound (US) findings are sufficient to support the pathogenicity of genetic variants detected by pES. Methods: We retrospectively selected 47 cases complicated by US anomalies that underwent Exome Sequencing (ES) and for which complete clinical assessment was available. A blinded reanalysis of ES data was performed, considering only prenatal features. Results: In our cohort, standard ES led to a molecular diagnosis in 43% of cases. The blinded reanalysis revealed that a complete or partial retrospective prenatal diagnosis was achievable in 95% of diagnosed cases. The mean gestational week at which US data would have supported molecular diagnosis was 22 + 5 weeks. The clinical follow-up confirmed a syndromic presentation in 21 out of 23 newborns and in all terminated pregnancies. Conclusions: Our study further confirms that pES is a valuable diagnostic tool for detecting genetic etiology in fetuses with congenital malformations. In most cases, pES results accurately predict the postnatal phenotype. However, the prenatal setting requires specific adjustments and precautions, and a negative pES result cannot be considered reassuring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17010037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T15:30:32Z","timestamp":1767195032000},"page":"37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prenatal Exome Sequencing: When Does Diagnostic Yield Meet Clinical Utility?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2638-9910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Carrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco Maria","family":"Crupano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Medicine and Surgery Service, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5763-5347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berardo","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulietta","family":"Scuvera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6819-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Cesaretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Nicotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Gangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Araimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5501-428X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde","family":"Tagliabue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Laboratory, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8111-563X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Pezzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Laboratory, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Garzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Laboratory, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Accurti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Medicine and Surgery Service, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grazia","family":"Volpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Medicine and Surgery Service, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8331-5881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Boito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Medicine and Surgery Service, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Palma","family":"Finelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Laboratory, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Fumagalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6723-9177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Francesca","family":"Bedeschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Iascone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Laboratory, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Persico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal Medicine and Surgery Service, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8625-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Natacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Genetics Unit, Foundation IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9485-8_20","article-title":"The Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies in Europe","volume":"686","author":"Dolk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rare Dis. 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Diagn."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/pd.5102","article-title":"Promises, pitfalls and practicalities of prenatal whole exome sequencing","volume":"38","author":"Best","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prenat. 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