{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T17:44:44Z","timestamp":1767635084991,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The aim of this study was to simultaneously evaluate alterations in apoptosis-related biomarker gene expression accompanied by electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients. Methods: A total of 25 subjects (15 healthy controls; 10 TRD patients) were initially tested for baseline values of relative mRNA expression of apoptosis-related markers (Bax, Bcl-2, p53, and cytochrome c) in peripheral blood samples and MADRS score. Results: Healthy subjects showed significantly lower values in MADRS, and Bax and p53, with increased Bcl-2 expression. The four-week ECT protocol (bitemporal, three sessions per week, with MADRS evaluation and blood sampling after each week) in TRD patients resulted in a concomitant significant decrease in MADRS, Bax, and p53 and an increase in Bcl-2 expression. Conclusions: Our results confirmed that the benefits observed by clinical outcome may also be attributed to the anti-apoptotic impact of ECT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17010057","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:35:47Z","timestamp":1767620147000},"page":"57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Electroconvulsive Therapy on Apoptosis-Related Biomarker Gene Expression in Treatment-Resistant Depression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4927-9930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ermin","family":"Fetahovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Communication Skills, Ethics, and Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Psychiatric Clinic, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-2477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragica","family":"Selakovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7970-0293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Mitrovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1697-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nemanja","family":"Jovicic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8408-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojana","family":"Simovic Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7799-6264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jovan","family":"Milosavljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Branimir","family":"Radmanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Communication Skills, Ethics, and Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Psychiatric Clinic, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8296-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragan","family":"Milovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biljana","family":"Ljujic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gvozden","family":"Rosic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6072-085X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Janjic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Communication Skills, Ethics, and Psychology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"},{"name":"Psychiatric 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