{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T07:05:40Z","timestamp":1769670340129,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The present study set out to identify key miRNAs, TFs and signaling pathways associated with bladder cancer, with a view to elucidating the networks of miRNA-TF-gene interactions that may serve as potential molecular biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Methods: An integrative analysis was conducted using the publicly available microarray dataset GSE130598. Expression profanalyzede analyzed from 42 muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) tissues and 42 matched adjacent normal bladder tissues. After data preprocessing and normalization, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. To identify the associated biological processes and signaling pathways, functional enrichment analyses were conducted using the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases. Protein\u2013protein interaction (PPI) network analysis was then employed to identify hub genes and key molecular interaction modules associated with bladder cancer. Results: MYC, TP53, SP1, E2F1, E2F3, NFKB1, and TWIST1 were identified as central transcriptional regulators, indicating their roles in controlling genes involved in cell cycle regulation, DNA damage response, and tumor progression. Several miRNA families, including miR-200, miR-17, miR-29, miR-141, and miR-548, have been identified as key post-transcriptional regulators, suggesting their involvement in oncogenic signaling and cellular differentiation. PPI network analysis revealed MAPK3, AKT1, CHEK1, CDK1, AURKA, and AURKB as hub genes associated with cell proliferation, mitotic control, and intracellular signaling. Conclusions: Fundamental molecular processes underlying bladder cancer pathogenesis include cell cycle control, signal transduction, and genomic stability. These findings provide insight into the molecular regulatory landscape of MIBC and highlight potential targets for diagnostic and prognostic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17020122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T08:14:23Z","timestamp":1769415263000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Characterization of Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Key MicroRNAs, Transcription Factors, and Differentially Expressed Genes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9777-5173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Venhar Gurbuz","family":"Can","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk 78100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1002\/uro2.11","article-title":"Clinical practice guideline on bladder cancer (Part I)","volume":"1","author":"Dong","year":"2023","journal-title":"UroPrecision"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21944","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.6768","article-title":"Novel immunotherapeutic options for BCG-unresponsive high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"12","author":"Hannouneh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11795","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96089-1","article-title":"Development and validation of interpretable machine learning models to predict distant metastasis and prognosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients","volume":"15","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. 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