{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T18:56:25Z","timestamp":1769453785833,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":197,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 DA040228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 DA040228"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 DA017637"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 DA017637"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Coupled with the already-problematic background rates of traditional cigarette consumption during pregnancy, the surging epidemic of electronic cigarette usage among pregnant women redoubles the importance of understanding the impacts of nicotine exposure during critical periods of development. To date, a burgeoning body of human epidemiological and animal model research indicates that not only the children but also the grandchildren of maternal smokers are at higher risk for neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD, autism, and schizophrenia and are predisposed to neurodevelopmental abnormalities which transcend these diagnoses. However, the roles of discrete cellular sub-populations in these and other intergenerational consequences of smoking during pregnancy remain indeterminate. Methods: Toward the resolution of this void in the literature, the present study characterized alterations in the gene expression profiles of dopamine receptor D1-expressing striatal cells from the first- and second-generation male progeny of female mice that were continuously exposed to nicotine beginning prior to conception, continuing throughout pregnancy, and concluding upon weaning of offspring. Results: Dopamine receptor D1-expressing striatal cells from our mouse models of the children and grandchildren of maternal smokers exhibit differential expression patterns for a multitude of genes that are (1) individually associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, (2) collectively overrepresented in gene set annotations related to brain, behavioral, neurobiological, and epigenomic phenotypes shared among neurodevelopmental disorders, and (3) orthologous to human genes that exhibit differential DNA methylation signatures in the newborns of maternal smokers. Conclusions: Together with our and others\u2019 previous findings, the results of this study support the emerging theory that, by inducing extensive alterations in gene expression that in turn elicit cascading neurobiological changes which ultimately confer widespread neurobehavioral abnormalities, nicotine-induced epigenomic dysregulation may be a primary driver of neurodevelopmental deficits and disorders in the children and grandchildren of maternal smokers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17020128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T08:14:23Z","timestamp":1769415263000},"page":"128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Developmental Nicotine Exposure Induces Intergenerational Transmission of an Ensemble of Neurodevelopmental Disorder-Related Translatomic Perturbations in DRD1-Expressing Striatal Cells of Adolescent Male Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jordan M.","family":"Buck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30th Street, Boulder, CO 80309-0447, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0447, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8616-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Melnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0447, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry A.","family":"Stitzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, 1480 30th Street, Boulder, CO 80309-0447, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, 354 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0447, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Smoking prevalence and cessation before and during pregnancy: Data from the birth certificate, 2014","volume":"65","author":"Curtin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Natl. 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