{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T12:11:41Z","timestamp":1782821501602,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China, Initiative on Active Health","award":["2018YFC2000602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC2000602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms are linked to muscle and bone physiology, yet their influence on individual differences in resistance training adaptations, especially between sexes, is not well understood. Methods: In total, 191 healthy Chinese Han adults (94 men, 97 women) completed a 12-week, twice-weekly resistance training program (squat and bench press). Key indicators of strength, power, body composition, and muscle morphology were assessed before and after the intervention. Participants were genotyped for VDR polymorphisms (rs731236\/TaqI, rs7975232\/ApaI, rs1544410\/BsmI, rs2228570\/FokI). Data were analyzed to compare responses across genotype groups. Results: Training induced significant improvements in multiple outcomes. Overall, the AG genotype of rs731236 and the CT genotype of rs1544410 were associated with greater gains in bone mineral content. Sex-specific analyses revealed distinct patterns: in women, the rs731236-AA genotype correlated with better strength and power gains, while the AG genotype linked to greater body composition improvements. In men, the rs1544410-CC genotype was associated with superior lower-limb muscle growth. The rs7975232 showed no significant overall effect, and rs2228570 deviated from Hardy\u2013Weinberg equilibrium. Conclusions: VDR gene polymorphisms, particularly rs731236 and rs1544410, are associated with inter-individual variability in resistance training responses among Chinese Han adults, demonstrating clear sex and phenotype specificity. These findings offer preliminary support for genotype-informed personalized training.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17020137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T11:35:42Z","timestamp":1769513742000},"page":"137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["VDR Gene Polymorphisms and Inter-Individual Variability in Response to Resistance Training"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China"},{"name":"Department of Exercise Biochemistry, Exercise Science School, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0892-2264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanchun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Performance and Skill Assessment, Beijing 100084, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Performance Training & Recovery of General Administration of Sport, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0543-8","article-title":"Effects of Resistance Training Frequency on Measures of Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"46","author":"Schoenfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Massini, D.A., Nedog, F.H., de Oliveira, T.P., Almeida, T.A.F., Santana, C.A.A., Neiva, C.M., Macedo, A.G., Castro, E.A., Espada, M.C., and Santos, F.J. 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