{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T10:49:05Z","timestamp":1770806945705,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases, plasmid-mediated \u03b2-lactamases, and carbapenemases in Proteus mirabilis","award":["10106-24-1294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10106-24-1294"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008993","name":"University of Zagreb","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008993","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IP-2025-6757"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2025-6757"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/objectives: A rise in infections associated with carbapenem-resistant Providencia species (CRPS) has been observed worldwide. This study presents a genomic analysis of CRPS isolates from four hospitals in Croatia and the outpatient setting, in order to determine the extent of the spread of CRPS in Croatia. In the present study, we applied a combination of phenotypic characterization and molecular analysis of resistance traits to determine the mechanisms and the routes of spread of CRPS. Material and methods: The antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using disk-diffusion and broth dilution methods. The nature of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (ESBLs), carbapenemases, and fluoroquinolone resistance determinants was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In order to obtain an insight into the whole resistome, selected isolates were subjected to the Interarray Genotyping Kit CarbaResist and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Results: In total, 30 isolates were collected from four centers, located in different geographic regions of Croatia. There was uniform resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam, cefuroxime, expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs), imipenem, ertapenem, meropenem, and ciprofloxacin. Immunochromatographic testing and PCR revealed OXA-48 and NDM carbapenemase in 15 isolates, respectively. Phenotypic tests for ESBLs were positive in all OXA-48 and one NDM-positive organism (16 isolates). The isolates were categorized as extensively drug-resistant (XDR). OXA-48-producing isolates were susceptible only to ceftazidime-avibactam, whereas NDM producers were susceptible to cefiderocol and, in the majority of cases, also to amikacin. WGS identified a plethora of genes encoding resistance to aminoglycosides, such as aadA1 and aadA2, (aph(3\u2033)-Ib and aph(6)-Id, sulfonamides sul1 and sul2, trimethoprim dfrA1, dfrA10, and dfrA12, tetracyclines tet(A) and tet(B), and chloramphenicol catA3 and catA5. Conclusions: Providencia spp., in spite of being a rare pathogen, should be included in the surveillance studies across the medical centers in Croatia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17020203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T09:41:02Z","timestamp":1770630062000},"page":"203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genomic Characterization of Carbapenemases in Providencia Species from Croatia: The Results of the Multicenter Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3282-0973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasmina","family":"Vrane\u0161","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Dr Andrija \u0160tampar Teaching Institute of Public Health Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Branka","family":"Bedeni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Clinical Department for Clinical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1592-4559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gernot","family":"Zarfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Research Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6579-5089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josefa","family":"Luxner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Research Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6937-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Grisold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Research Institute for Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rocio Arazo","family":"del Pino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50925 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tessa","family":"Burgwinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50925 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haris","family":"Car","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secondary Health School Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maja","family":"Anu\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Dr Andrija \u0160tampar Teaching Institute of Public Health Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimira","family":"Ti\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Dr Andrija \u0160tampar Teaching Institute of Public Health Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6565-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Bubonja-\u0160onje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7023-680X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanda","family":"Sardeli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8677-9454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul G.","family":"Higgins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, 50925 Cologne, Germany"},{"name":"Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 50931 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2025.02.009","article-title":"\u00a0Providencia stuartii","volume":"33","author":"Witteven","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends. 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