{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T05:57:23Z","timestamp":1772517443159,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Titin (TTN), a giant structural and signaling protein of striated muscle, participates in intracellular signaling networks and cytoskeletal organization, potentially influencing cell activation, trafficking, and interactions with other tissues, including the heart. Methods: In this pilot study, 29 patients with acute myocarditis and 10 healthy individuals were prospectively enrolled. Peripheral blood was obtained on the first day of hospital admission, total RNA was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and TTN mRNA expression was quantified. Results: TTN expression in PBMCs was significantly higher in patients with acute myocarditis compared with healthy controls (p = 0.015), corresponding to a 2.8-fold median increase. Moreover, TTN expression showed a strong positive correlation with global longitudinal strain impairment (Spearman\u2019s r = 0.576, p &lt; 0.001), a moderate positive correlation with peak hs-cTnI levels (r = 0.435, p = 0.021; and a moderate inverse correlation with baseline LVEF (r = \u22120.421, p = 0.025). Conclusions: These findings support a pathophysiological link between TTN-related pathways in peripheral immune cells and myocardial injury in acute myocarditis and raise the hypothesis that TTN expression in PBMCs may serve as a novel biomarker of disease severity and long-term ventricular remodeling. Further studies in larger cohorts are warranted to validate these results and to elucidate the mechanistic role of titin in immune\u2013cardiac cross-talk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17030268","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T14:51:29Z","timestamp":1772117489000},"page":"268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Monocyte Titin Gene Expression as a Biomarker of Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Acute Myocarditis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Spyridon","family":"Maragkoudakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9772-1896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksi","family":"Sallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3160-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioanna","family":"Kontaraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Marakas Sideras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Lilikaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chania General Hospital, 73300 Chania, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1691-644X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Onoufrios","family":"Malikidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5342-5411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Fragkiadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5255-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleutherios","family":"Kallergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5880-1815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nick","family":"Kopidakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Kopidakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Zacharis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Katsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ippokration General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Kampanieris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Kochiadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Simantirakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1888-3430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Marketou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71110 Heraklion, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.05.013","article-title":"Myocarditis in clinical practice","volume":"91","author":"Sinagra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. 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