{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T21:46:05Z","timestamp":1773870365721,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Foundation for Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UID\/04129\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UID\/04129\/2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Limonium Mill. species present a polymorphic sexual system associated with flower polymorphisms like ancillary pollen and stigma, with sexual and\/or apomictic reproduction. The aim of this study was to investigate the reproductive traits, test for autonomous apomixis, and assess seed formation in triploid Limonium algarvense and Limonium daveaui. Pollen-stigma combinations were determined and the number of flowers and seeds counted. Single-seed flow cytometry was performed using seeds in three phenological stages: immature (stage I), early maturing (stage II) and mature seeds (stage III). The findings revealed that all triploid plants were self-sterile and produced seeds in the absence of pollination. Despite L. daveaui having a higher number of flowers than L. algarvense, a significantly higher ratio of seeds\/flowers was observed in the latter species. Stage-dependent endosperm developmental patterns were observed, with nucleated cells present in stage II seeds with a light brown or pinkish coat, and an embryo peak and an endosperm peak with the double ploidy level. Stage III seeds, with a dark brown coat, presented only an embryo peak. Additionally, a single hexaploid endosperm peak was detected in stage I seeds, revealing early initiation of the endosperm with nucleated cells prior to embryo development. The single 6C endosperm peak was always associated with shrunken and wrinkled or underdeveloped stage I seeds but was never detected in stage II seeds. Overall, our results support reproduction via asexually formed seeds with pollen-independent endosperm formation and allow the identification of phenological development stages and seed coat morphological markers associated with single-seed flow cytometric screening patterns in apomictic species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17030337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T14:14:05Z","timestamp":1773843245000},"page":"337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stage-Dependent Persistence of Nucleated Endosperm Cells in Seeds of Limonium Sexual and Apomictic Species with Autonomous Endosperm Formation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0620-3517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catarina","family":"Gomes-Domingues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elvira","family":"H\u00f6randl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37073 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0142-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana D.","family":"Caperta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food (LEAF) Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Asker, S.E., and Jerling, L. 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