{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T22:23:47Z","timestamp":1788387827529,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is an increasingly recognized cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, resulting from myocardial deposition of misfolded amyloid fibrils derived predominantly from transthyretin (ATTR wild-type [ATTRwt] or variant [ATTRv]) or immunoglobulin light chains (AL). Despite advances in noninvasive imaging and disease-modifying therapies, delayed diagnosis remains common, and clinically actionable molecular biomarkers for early detection, phenotypic discrimination, and therapeutic monitoring are limited. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small noncoding regulators of post-transcriptional gene expression, have emerged as key modulators of cardiovascular remodeling and systemic amyloid biology. Methods: We performed a comprehensive review of experimental, translational, and clinical studies to evaluate the role of miRNAs in transthyretin and light-chain cardiac amyloidosis, incorporating data from myocardial tissue analyses, circulating miRNA profiling, and mechanistic studies in cellular and animal models. Results: Dysregulated miRNA networks contribute to amyloid-induced cardiac injury by modulating mitochondrial energetics, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, proteostasis, and neurocardiac signaling. Specific miRNAs, including members of the miR-21, miR-29, and miR-30 families, as well as miR-150-5p and miR-339, have been associated with amyloid burden, adverse myocardial remodeling, plasma cell biology, and disease severity. Distinct circulating and tissue miRNA signatures differentiate transthyretin from light-chain cardiac amyloidosis and correlate with functional status, heart failure biomarkers, and clinical outcomes. Conclusions: MiRNAs represent promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cardiac amyloidosis and offer mechanistic insights into disease pathogenesis. Integration of miRNA profiling with multimodality imaging and emerging RNA-based therapeutics may enable earlier diagnosis and support precision management of amyloid-related heart failure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17030356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T15:54:53Z","timestamp":1774281293000},"page":"356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exploring the MicroRNA Landscape in Cardiac Amyloidosis: Molecular Insights and Clinical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3160-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna E.","family":"Kontaraki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8251-5520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anthoula","family":"Plevritaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heraklion University General Hospital, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9772-1896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksi","family":"Sallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5342-5411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Fragkiadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heraklion University General Hospital, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5255-2904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleutherios","family":"Kallergis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heraklion University General Hospital, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Zacharis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heraklion University General Hospital, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Kopidakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heraklion University General Hospital, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9194-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Kampanieris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heraklion University General Hospital, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Achladianaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heraklion University General Hospital, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Papakosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heraklion University General Hospital, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Simantirakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heraklion University General Hospital, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1888-3430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria E.","family":"Marketou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Heraklion University General Hospital, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcvj.1061","article-title":"Clinical Clues and Diagnostic Workup of Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"18","author":"Gill","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methodis. Debakey Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01274-X","article-title":"Systemic amyloidosis","volume":"387","author":"Wechalekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2024.2405948","article-title":"Amyloid nomenclature 2024: Update, novel proteins, and recommendations by the International Society of Amyloidosis (ISA) Nomenclature Committee","volume":"31","author":"Buxbaum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000126569.75419.74","article-title":"Human amyloidogenic light chains directly impair cardiomyocyte function through an increase in cellular oxidant stress","volume":"94","author":"Brenner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.06.053","article-title":"AL (Light-Chain) Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Review of Diagnosis and Therapy","volume":"68","author":"Falk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000792","article-title":"Cardiac Amyloidosis: Evolving Diagnosis and Management: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"142","author":"Kittleson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s30","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.18-2-s30","article-title":"Cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"18","author":"Hawkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2010.67","article-title":"Transthyretin-related amyloidoses and the heart: A clinical overview","volume":"7","author":"Rapezzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003815","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.116.003815","article-title":"Design and Rationale of the Phase 3 ATTR-ACT Clinical Trial (Tafamidis in Transthyretin Cardiomyopathy Clinical Trial)","volume":"10","author":"Maurer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.021612","article-title":"Nonbiopsy Diagnosis of Cardiac Transthyretin Amyloidosis","volume":"133","author":"Gillmore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.07.015","article-title":"How to Image Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Practical Approach","volume":"13","author":"Dorbala","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2014.125","article-title":"Noncoding RNAs and myocardial fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Thum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.228676","article-title":"Biogenesis and regulation of cardiovascular microRNAs","volume":"109","author":"Bauersachs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"165","article-title":"MicroRNAs in cardiovascular disease","volume":"61","author":"Siasos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hell. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2011.12.060","article-title":"The transthyretin amyloidoses: From delineating the molecular mechanism of aggregation linked to pathology to a regulatory-agency-approved drug","volume":"421","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(97)01398-7","article-title":"The amyloidogenic potential of transthyretin variants correlates with their tendency to aggregate in solution","volume":"418","author":"Quintas","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.078915","article-title":"Transthyretin (TTR) Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"126","author":"Ruberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26845-0","article-title":"Dissection of the amyloid formation pathway in AL amyloidosis","volume":"12","author":"Kazman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poshusta, T.L., Sikkink, L.A., Leung, N., Clark, R.J., Dispenzieri, A., and Ramirez-Alvarado, M. (2009). Mutations in Specific Structural Regions of Immunoglobulin Light Chains Are Associated with Free Light Chain Levels in Patients with AL Amyloidosis. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005169"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.20070","article-title":"The molecular landscape of AL amyloidosis","volume":"206","author":"Muchtar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15424-3","article-title":"Proteotoxicity in cardiac amyloidosis: Amyloidogenic light chains affect the levels of intracellular proteins in human heart cells","volume":"7","author":"Imperlini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4292","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82442-3","article-title":"Amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chains disturb contractile function and calcium transients in a human cardiac spheroid model of light chain (AL) amyloidosis","volume":"15","author":"Henri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra023144","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of amyloidosis","volume":"349","author":"Merlini","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1161\/circ.104.14.1594","article-title":"Infusion of Light Chains from Patients with Cardiac Amyloidosis Causes Diastolic Dysfunction in Isolated Mouse Hearts","volume":"104","author":"Liao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15207","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15207","article-title":"Transthyretin deposition alters cardiomyocyte sarcomeric architecture, calcium transients, and contractile force","volume":"10","author":"Dittloff","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1007\/s00399-024-01016-y","article-title":"Arrhythmias and amyloidosis","volume":"35","author":"Papathanasiou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Herzschrittmacherther Elektrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2650","article-title":"Atrial Amyloidosis: Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations","volume":"24","author":"Vergaro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holcman, K., Z\u0105bek, A., Boczar, K., Podolec, P., and Kostkiewicz, M. (2024). Management of Arrhythmias and Conduction Disorders in Amyloid Cardiomyopathy. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13113088"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, J., and Pan, X. (2025). Systemic light chain cardiac amyloidosis with atrioventricular block. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2025.1573007"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H2305","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00503.2011","article-title":"Human microvascular dysfunction and apoptotic injury induced by AL amyloidosis light chain proteins","volume":"301","author":"Migrino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2014.03.009","article-title":"Coronary microvascular dysfunction is related to abnormalities in myocardial structure and function in cardiac amyloidosis","volume":"2","author":"Dorbala","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016567","article-title":"Prognostic Value of Late Gadolinium Enhancement Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"132","author":"Fontana","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3109\/13506129.2015.1135792","article-title":"Carpal tunnel syndrome: A common initial symptom of systemic wild-type ATTR (ATTRwt) amyloidosis","volume":"23","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytaa329","article-title":"Wild-type transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy complicated by spinal canal stenosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, and rotator cuff tears: A case report","volume":"4","author":"Takashio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J.-Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.9236","article-title":"Association Between Ruptured Distal Biceps Tendon and Wild-Type Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"318","author":"Geller","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perfetto, F., Zampieri, M., Bandini, G., Fedi, R., Tarquini, R., Santi, R., Novelli, L., Allinovi, M., Argir\u00f2, A., and Cappelli, F. (2022). Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Cardio-Orthopedic Disease. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10123226"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsch\u00f6pe, C., Elsanhoury, A., and Kristen, A.V. (2025). Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy-2025 Update: Current Diagnostic Approaches and Emerging Therapeutic Options. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202505.2056.v1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-024-03407-3","article-title":"The journey to diagnosis of wild-type transthyretin-mediated (ATTRwt) amyloidosis: A path with multisystem involvement","volume":"19","author":"Karam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00334-4","article-title":"Hereditary transthyretin amyloid neuropathies: Advances in pathophysiology, biomarkers, and treatment","volume":"22","author":"Adams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e034213","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.124.034213","article-title":"Exercise Hemodynamics and Mitochondrial Oxidative Capacity in Disease Stages of Wild-Type Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy","volume":"13","author":"Ladefoged","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ehad655.3191","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad655.3191","article-title":"Vitronectin promotes TTR deposition and mitochondrial damage in ATTR-CA mice","volume":"44","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1080\/13506129.2024.2448440","article-title":"Whole tissue proteomic analyses of cardiac ATTR and AL unveil mechanisms of tissue damage","volume":"32","author":"Netzel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phua, T.J. (2023). Understanding human aging and the fundamental cell signaling link in age-related diseases: The middle-aging hypovascularity hypoxia hypothesis. Front. Aging, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fragi.2023.1196648"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7935310","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7935310","article-title":"Hypoxia and Inflammation as a Consequence of \u03b2-Fibril Accumulation: A Perspective View for New Potential Therapeutic Targets","volume":"2019","author":"Russo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2016.6848","article-title":"Cardiac Light Chain Amyloidosis: The Role of Metal Ions in Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Damage","volume":"27","author":"Diomede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4188","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912263107","article-title":"Amyloidogenic light chains induce cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction and apoptosis via a non-canonical p38alpha MAPK pathway","volume":"107","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.216101","article-title":"Smad3 signaling critically regulates fibroblast phenotype and function in healing myocardial infarction","volume":"107","author":"Dobaczewski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-13102-3","article-title":"Tcf21 modulates fibroblast activation and promotes cardiac fibrosis after injury via Pdgfrb signaling","volume":"15","author":"Baba","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa324","article-title":"Cardiac fibrosis","volume":"117","author":"Frangogiannis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-020-00555-4","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 and WNT signaling pathways in cardiac fibrosis: Non-coding RNAs come into focus","volume":"18","author":"Yousefi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.25","article-title":"miR-29b as a therapeutic agent for angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis by targeting TGF-\u03b2\/Smad3 signaling","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1159\/000369689","article-title":"MicroRNA-101a inhibits cardiac fibrosis induced by hypoxia via targeting TGF\u03b2RI on cardiac fibroblasts","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82226-z","article-title":"MicroRNA-331 inhibits isoproterenol-induced expression of profibrotic genes in cardiac myofibroblasts via the TGF\u03b2\/smad3 signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Yousefi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hfc.2024.02.002","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"20","author":"Morfino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Clin."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-016-6710-1","article-title":"Mitochondrial-Shaping Proteins in Cardiac Health and Disease\u2014The Long and the Short of It!","volume":"31","author":"Ong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00005.2018","article-title":"Evolving and Expanding the Roles of Mitophagy as a Homeostatic and Pathogenic Process","volume":"99","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.265819","article-title":"Mitochondria and mitophagy: The yin and yang of cell death control","volume":"111","author":"Kubli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.03.002","article-title":"Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 alpha controls the energy state and contractile function of cardiac muscle","volume":"1","author":"Arany","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2025.102920","article-title":"Targeting Mitochondrial microRNAs in Cardiovascular Pathologies: A New Frontier in Precision Cardiology","volume":"113","author":"Kaur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3838","article-title":"Regulation of microRNA biogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Ha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derda, A.A., Pfanne, A., B\u00e4r, C., Schimmel, K., Kennel, P.J., Xiao, K., Schulze, P.C., Bauersachs, J., and Thum, T. (2018). Blood-based microRNA profiling in patients with cardiac amyloidosis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204235"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vita, G.L., Aguennouz, M., Polito, F., Oteri, R., Russo, M., Gentile, L., Barbagallo, C., Ragusa, M., Rodolico, C., and Di Giorgio, R.M. (2020). Circulating microRNAs Profile in Patients with Transthyretin Variant Amyloidosis. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00102"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.005","article-title":"MicroRNAs in stress signaling and human disease","volume":"148","author":"Mendell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09783","article-title":"Pervasive roles of microRNAs in cardiovascular biology","volume":"469","author":"Small","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.104.489187","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of the cardiac amyloidoses","volume":"112","author":"Falk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12383","article-title":"Cardiac amyloidosis: Where are we today?","volume":"278","author":"Patel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07511","article-title":"MicroRNA-21 contributes to myocardial disease by stimulating MAP kinase signalling in fibroblasts","volume":"456","author":"Thum","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvr344","article-title":"Non-cardiomyocyte microRNAs in heart failure","volume":"93","author":"Tijsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-020711-075013","article-title":"microRNA regulation of inflammatory responses","volume":"30","author":"Rao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201303604","article-title":"MicroRNA mimicry blocks pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Montgomery","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11919","article-title":"MicroRNA-34a regulates cardiac ageing and function","volume":"495","author":"Boon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-018-0105-1","article-title":"MiR-320 regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by ischemia-reperfusion injury by targeting AKIP1","volume":"23","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19647","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.29271","article-title":"Inhibition of miR-181b-5p protects cardiomyocytes against ischemia\/reperfusion injury by targeting AKT3 and PI3KR3","volume":"120","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12481","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605298103","article-title":"NF-kappaB-dependent induction of microRNA miR-146, an inhibitor targeted to signaling proteins of innate immune responses","volume":"103","author":"Taganov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2008.07.002","article-title":"The endothelial-specific microRNA miR-126 governs vascular integrity and angiogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.094482","article-title":"Light chain amyloidosis: The heart of the problem","volume":"98","author":"Merlini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805689","article-title":"Tafamidis Treatment for Patients with Transthyretin Amyloid Cardiomyopathy","volume":"379","author":"Maurer","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"85","article-title":"Extracellular microRNA: A new source of biomarkers","volume":"717","author":"Etheridge","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2013.117","article-title":"Differential expression of vascular smooth muscle-modulating microRNAs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: Novel targets in essential hypertension","volume":"28","author":"Kontaraki","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-018-0123-5","article-title":"Platelet microRNAs in hypertensive patients with and without cardiovascular disease","volume":"33","author":"Marketou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hum. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3109\/13506129.2011.588977","article-title":"Dysregulation of miRNAs in AL amyloidosis","volume":"18","author":"Weng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Amyloid"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marketou, M., Kontaraki, J., Patrianakos, A., Kochiadakis, G., Anastasiou, I., Fragkiadakis, K., Plevritaki, A., Papadaki, S.T., Chlouverakis, G., and Parthenakis, F. (2021). Peripheral Blood MicroRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Myocardial Damage in Acute Viral Myocarditis. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12030420"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2113","article-title":"Use of Biomarkers to Diagnose and Manage Cardiac Amyloidosis","volume":"23","author":"Castiglione","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4541","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.37.7614","article-title":"New criteria for response to treatment in immunoglobulin light chain amyloidosis based on free light chain measurement and cardiac biomarkers: Impact on survival outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Palladini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3912","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI43604","article-title":"Stress-dependent cardiac remodeling occurs in the absence of microRNA-21 in mice","volume":"120","author":"Patrick","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2016.246","article-title":"MicroRNA therapeutics: Towards a new era for the management of cancer and other diseases","volume":"16","author":"Rupaimoole","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1716153","article-title":"Patisiran, an RNAi Therapeutic, for Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis","volume":"379","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimczak-Tomaniak, D., Haponiuk-Skwarli\u0144ska, J., Kuch, M., and P\u0105czek, L. (2022). Crosstalk between microRNA and Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315013"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gilyazova, I., Timasheva, Y., Chumakova, A., Abdeeva, G., Plotnikova, M., and Zagidullin, N. (2025). The Role of MicroRNAs in the Pathophysiology and Management of Heart Failure: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Application. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262412085"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-02958-2","article-title":"Circulating biomarkers in diagnosis and management of cardiac amyloidosis: A review for internist","volume":"17","author":"Perfetto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.14649","article-title":"MicroRNAs are Associated with Cardiac Biomarkers, Cardiac Structure and Function and Incident Outcomes in Heart Failure","volume":"11","author":"Spahillari","year":"2024","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1002\/ehf2.13371","article-title":"Identification of Novel Circulating microRNAs in Advanced Heart Failure by Next-Generation Sequencing","volume":"8","author":"Galluzzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.157198","article-title":"Analysis of circulating microRNA: Preanalytical and analytical challenges","volume":"57","author":"McDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/17\/3\/356\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T15:59:43Z","timestamp":1774281583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/17\/3\/356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["genes17030356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes17030356","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]}}}