{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:13:39Z","timestamp":1785413619054,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"FWO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11L0822N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11L0822N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"FWO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11L0824N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11L0824N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"FWO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0B3722N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0B3722N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"FWO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S001221N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S001221N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"FWO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["I005920N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I005920N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"FWO","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0I1118N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0I1118N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["11L0822N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11L0822N"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qtxy027","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["11L0824N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11L0824N"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qtxy027","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["G0B3722N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0B3722N"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qtxy027","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["S001221N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S001221N"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qtxy027","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["I005920N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["I005920N"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qtxy027","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["G0I1118N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0I1118N"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03qtxy027","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"KOTK","award":["KOTK\/2018\/11509\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KOTK\/2018\/11509\/2"]}]},{"name":"KOTK","award":["KOTK\/2019\/11892\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KOTK\/2019\/11892\/1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon Europe","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101073386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101073386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, characterized by inevitable recurrence, extensive inter-and intratumoral heterogeneity, and resistance to current therapies. A defining feature of GBM is the dynamic interplay between malignant cells and a diverse tumor microenvironment (TME), which together drive disease progression, therapeutic adaptation, and relapse. Understanding these complex cellular ecosystems has therefore become a major focus of glioblastoma research. Recent advances in spatial omics technologies have transformed our ability to investigate GBM biology directly within intact tissue architectures. Over the past five years, an expanding array of spatial transcriptomic, proteomic, and multi-omic platforms has enabled high-dimensional characterization of cellular states, cell\u2013cell interactions, and tissue niches while preserving spatial context. These approaches have generated unprecedented insights into tumor organization, cellular plasticity, immune landscapes, vascular niches, and treatment-induced ecosystem remodeling. Methods: In this review, we provide an overview of spatial omics applications in glioblastoma research so far. Results: We summarize the technologies employed, the types and numbers of patient samples analyzed, and the major biological and clinical insights generated. We compare the strengths and limitations of different spatial platforms, discuss key considerations for study design and data interpretation, and highlight emerging trends in multimodal and longitudinal analyses. Conclusions: By integrating both technological and biological perspectives, this review serves as a practical resource for researchers seeking to implement spatial omics approaches in glioblastoma studies and to advance precision neuro-oncology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17070822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:00:17Z","timestamp":1784548817000},"page":"822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spatial Omics Technologies in Glioblastoma Research: Principles, Applications, and Best Practices"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8342-3150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Vanmechelen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Leuven Institute for Single-Cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Caprioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Leuven Institute for Single-Cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7600-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul M.","family":"Clement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0155-3005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Hoeben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oncology, GROW\u2014Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), 6229 Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6669-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik","family":"De Smet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Leuven Institute for Single-Cell Omics (LISCO), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043330","article-title":"Radiotherapy plus Concomitant and Adjuvant Temozolomide for Glioblastoma","volume":"352","author":"Stupp","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)33211-2","article-title":"Improving survival in molecularly selected glioblastoma","volume":"393","author":"Stupp","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dynarowicz, K., Smolak, B., Bartusik-Aebisher, D., Guz, W., Henrykowska, G., and Aebisher, D. (2026). Current Pharmacotherapeutic Strategies in Diffuse Gliomas: Focus on Glioblastoma, IDH-Wildtype, and Emerging Targeted Therapies for IDH-Mutant Tumors. Pharmaceuticals, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19010148"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.05.002","article-title":"Interactions between cancer cells and immune cells drive transitions to mesenchymal-like states in glioblastoma","volume":"39","author":"Hara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05680-3","article-title":"Single-cell spatial immune landscapes of primary and metastatic brain tumours","volume":"614","author":"Karimi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.02.019","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals tumor microenvironment changes in glioblastoma","volume":"41","author":"Hoogstrate","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.029","article-title":"Integrative spatial analysis reveals a multi-layered organization of glioblastoma","volume":"187","author":"Greenwald","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02168-4","article-title":"Deciphering the longitudinal trajectories of glioblastoma ecosystems by integrative single-cell genomics","volume":"57","author":"Spitzer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.010","article-title":"Deep Profiling of Mouse Splenic Architecture with CODEX Multiplexed Imaging","volume":"174","author":"Goltsev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"giaa109","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giaa109","article-title":"A map of tumor-host interactions in glioma at single-cell resolution","volume":"9","author":"Caruso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-026-01179-2","article-title":"Tumor transcriptional state predicts survival in immune-checkpoint-blockade-treated glioblastoma","volume":"7","author":"Ghannam","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-023-00580-2","article-title":"Methods and applications for single-cell and spatial multi-omics","volume":"24","author":"Vandereyken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caprioli, C., Morscio, J., Chui, J.S.H., Bravo Gonz\u00e1lez-Blas, C., Vandereyken, K., Voet, T., Martinez, A.A., De Vleeschouwer, S., Clement, P., and Bosisio, F. (2025). Implementing spatial single-cell omics in immuno-oncology clinical trials: Challenges and opportunities. Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-14064-8.00053-9"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanmechelen, M., Nazari, P., Beckervordersandforth, J., Caprioli, C., Leunissen, D., Cole, B., Gonz\u00e1lez-Blas, B.C., Decraene, B., De Visser, Y., and Shankar, G. (2026). Longitudinal tumor ecosystem mapping defines glioblastoma treatment trajectories. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.64898\/2026.03.04.709701"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2025.11.006","article-title":"Multi-omic landscape of human gliomas from diagnosis to treatment and recurrence","volume":"44","author":"Piyadasa","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-025-02167-5","article-title":"The multilayered transcriptional architecture of glioblastoma ecosystems","volume":"57","author":"Nomura","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noaf113","article-title":"Charting the single-cell and spatial landscape of IDH-wild-type glioblastoma with GBmap","volume":"27","author":"Salas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00510-x","article-title":"Integrative multi-omics networks identify PKC\u03b4 and DNA-PK as master kinases of glioblastoma subtypes and guide targeted cancer therapy","volume":"4","author":"Migliozzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.12.015","article-title":"Integrated proteogenomic characterization of glioblastoma evolution","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.05.009","article-title":"Spatially resolved multi-omics deciphers bidirectional tumor-host interdependence in glioblastoma","volume":"40","author":"Ravi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00367","article-title":"Molecular Evolution of IDH Wild-Type Glioblastomas Treated With Standard of Care Affects Survival and Design of Precision Medicine Trials: A Report From the EORTC 1542 Study","volume":"38","author":"Draaisma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.04.038","article-title":"Glioma progression is shaped by genetic evolution and microenvironment interactions","volume":"185","author":"Varn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Y., Wang, Z., Zhao, M., Deng, Y., Yang, M., Su, G., Yang, K., Qian, C., Hu, X., and Liu, Y. (2022). Single-Cell Transcriptomics Revealed Subtype-Specific Tumor Immune Microenvironments in Human Glioblastomas. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.914236"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-022-00475-x","article-title":"A single-cell atlas of glioblastoma evolution under therapy reveals cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic therapeutic targets","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.06.024","article-title":"An Integrative Model of Cellular States, Plasticity, and Genetics for Glioblastoma","volume":"178","author":"Neftel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17186-5","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq reveals that glioblastoma recapitulates a normal neurodevelopmental hierarchy","volume":"11","author":"Couturier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-020-00789-y","article-title":"Single-cell profiling of myeloid cells in glioblastoma across species and disease stage reveals macrophage competition and specialization","volume":"24","author":"Scheyltjens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-19-0329","article-title":"The phenotypes of proliferating glioblastoma cells reside on a single axis of variation","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer discov."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-020-00159-4","article-title":"Pathway-based classification of glioblastoma uncovers a mitochondrial subtype with therapeutic vulnerabilities","volume":"2","author":"Garofano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosisio, F.M., Van Herck, Y., Messiaen, J., Bolognesi, M.M., Marcelis, L., Van Haele, M., Cattoretti, G., Antoranz, A., and De Smet, F. (2022). Next-Generation Pathology Using Multiplexed Immunohistochemistry: Mapping Tissue Architecture at Single-Cell Level. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.918900"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khafizov, R., Piazza, E., Cui, Y., Patrick, M., Metzger, E., McGuire, D., Dunaway, D., Danaher, P., Hoang, M.L., and Grootsky, A. (2024). Sub-cellular Imaging of the Entire Protein-Coding Human Transcriptome (18933-plex) on FFPE Tissue Using Spatial Molecular Imaging. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.11.27.625536"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01769-0","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomics reveals segregation of tumor cell states in glioblastoma and marked immunosuppression within the perinecrotic niche","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6061","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-4269","article-title":"Endothelial Cells Create a Stem Cell Niche in Glioblastoma by Providing NOTCH Ligands That Nurture Self-Renewal of Cancer Stem-Like Cells","volume":"71","author":"Zhu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55487-1","article-title":"Endothelial-secreted Endocan activates PDGFRA and regulates vascularity and spatial phenotype in glioblastoma","volume":"16","author":"Bastola","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36707-6","article-title":"Spatial transcriptomics reveals niche-specific enrichment and vulnerabilities of radial glial stem-like cells in malignant gliomas","volume":"14","author":"Ren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-026-02265-5","article-title":"Spatial and single-cell characterization of human glioblastoma tumor microenvironment reveals malignant cellular communities","volume":"29","author":"Lin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52167-y","article-title":"Glioblastoma cells increase expression of notch signaling and synaptic genes within infiltrated brain tissue","volume":"15","author":"Harwood","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3606","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31340-1","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of glioma heterogeneity reveals COL1A1 as an actionable target to disrupt tumor progression","volume":"13","author":"Comba","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Jiang, Y., Zhang, G., and Wei, S. (2023). The diversity and dynamics of tumor-associated macrophages in recurrent glioblastoma. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1238233"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadd1016","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.add1016","article-title":"Multiomics and spatial mapping characterizes human CD8+ T cell states in cancer","volume":"15","author":"Naulaerts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"017502","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JMI.6.1.017502","article-title":"Effective nuclei segmentation with sparse shape prior and dynamic occlusion constraint for glioblastoma pathology images","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01203-6","article-title":"Spatial omics and multiplexed imaging to explore cancer biology","volume":"18","author":"Lewis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00370-8","article-title":"Integrating single-cell and spatial transcriptomics to elucidate intercellular tissue dynamics","volume":"22","author":"Longo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Ma, X., Shi, D., and Wang, P. (2025). Proximity Ligation Assay: From a Foundational Principle to a Versatile Platform for Molecular and Translational Research. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15101468"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0422-0","article-title":"Single-cell transcriptomics in cancer: Computational challenges and opportunities","volume":"52","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-022-02385-3","article-title":"Spatially resolved transcriptomics provide a new method for cancer research","volume":"41","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"de Jong, G., Memi, F., Gracia, T., Lazareva, O., Gould, O., Aivazidis, A., Dave, M., Zhang, Q., Jensen, M., and Rifaioglu, A.S. (2025). A spatiotemporal cancer cell trajectory underlies glioblastoma heterogeneity. bioRxiv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27041","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.27041","article-title":"The Human Cell Atlas","volume":"6","author":"Regev","year":"2017","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1629-x","article-title":"The human body at cellular resolution: The NIH Human Biomolecular Atlas Program","volume":"574","author":"Snyder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Long, B., Miller, J., and Consortium, T.S. (2023). SpaceTx: A Roadmap for Benchmarking Spatial Transcriptomics Exploration of the Brain. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20806","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202520806","article-title":"A Guide for Spatial Omics Technologies: Innovation, Evaluation, and Application","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/17\/7\/822\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T12:13:42Z","timestamp":1784549622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/17\/7\/822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["genes17070822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes17070822","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]]}}}