{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:58:42Z","timestamp":1785473922570,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Qianxinan Collaborative Innovation Center for Characteristic Industrial Poverty Alleviation and Ecological Restoration","award":["26XYPT06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["26XYPT06"]}]},{"name":"Doctoral Research Startup Fund of Minzu Normal University of Xingyi: Study on the Molecular Mechanism of Differences in Pericarp Color, Active Ingredient Content and Yield of Glycyrrhiza uralensis","award":["24XYBS34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24XYBS34"]}]},{"award":["24XYBS34"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24XYBS34"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/030xj3f82","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Department of Education University Science and Technology Innovation Team Project","award":["(2023) 095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(2023) 095"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Imidacloprid, a widely used neonicotinoid insecticide, is routinely applied to control pests in Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus, a crucial medicinal herb producing Astragali Radix. However, the early short-term transcriptional and metabolic responses of its seedlings under imidacloprid gradient stress remain poorly characterized. Methods: In this study, 80-day seedlings were subjected to three foliar spray treatments: blank control (CK), the recommended imidacloprid concentration (2000-fold dilution, 475 mg\u00b7L\u22121), and an excessively high concentration (500-fold dilution, 1900 mg\u00b7L\u22121). Leaf samples were harvested 24 h post-treatment for untargeted ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC\u2013MS\/MS) metabolomics (6 biological replicates) and RNA-seq transcriptome sequencing (3 biological replicates). Results: The low- and high-dose treatments induced 1076 and 860 differential metabolites and 6818 and 7283 differentially expressed genes, respectively. Flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids, amino acid metabolites, and energy-related pathways were prominently affected. KEGG enrichment indicated activation of flavone\/flavonol biosynthesis, phenylpropanoid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, MAPK signaling, cutin\/suberin\/wax biosynthesis, and ABC transporter pathways, whereas high-dose exposure was associated with stronger changes in genes related to DNA replication and cell wall remodeling. Integrated network analysis highlighted CHS, PAL, MYC2, KCS, and ABCG40 as candidate regulators linking stress signaling, secondary metabolism, and metabolite transport. Conclusions: Seedlings of A. membranaceus var. mongholicus exhibit dose-dependent acute responses to imidacloprid. Moderate pesticide exposure primarily activates defensive secondary metabolism, whereas excessive dosage triggers genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming. This work identifies key metabolic pathways and hub genes, offering candidate molecular markers for investigating pesticide stress adaptation in medicinal Astragalus and guiding standardized pesticide application in cultivation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17080891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T13:53:31Z","timestamp":1785333211000},"page":"891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Early Concentration-Dependent Responses of Astragalus membranaceus var. mongholicus Seedlings to Imidacloprid"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dabao","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Qianxinan Collaborative Innovation Center for Characteristic Industrial Poverty Alleviation and Ecological Restoration, College of Biology and Chemistry, Minzu Normal University of Xingyi, Xingyi 562400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qianxinan Collaborative Innovation Center for Characteristic Industrial Poverty Alleviation and Ecological Restoration, College of Biology and Chemistry, Minzu Normal University of Xingyi, Xingyi 562400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qianxinan Collaborative Innovation Center for Characteristic Industrial Poverty Alleviation and Ecological Restoration, College of Biology and Chemistry, Minzu Normal University of Xingyi, Xingyi 562400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongchun","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qianxinan Collaborative Innovation Center for Characteristic Industrial Poverty Alleviation and Ecological Restoration, College of Biology and Chemistry, Minzu Normal University of Xingyi, Xingyi 562400, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (2025). 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