{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:05:35Z","timestamp":1785405935283,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hellenic Scientific Society of Aesthetics"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01ftj9h26","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a well- documented prodromal phase during which non-motor symptoms appear years before motor onset. Seborrheic dermatitis (SD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is significantly more prevalent in PD patients than in the general population. The biological mechanisms underlying this association have not been integrated into a single framework. Objectives: This narrative review aims to synthesise the available evidence on the molecular, genetic, and pathophysiological mechanisms linking SD and PD. Methods: A literature search was conducted across PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus and ScienceDirect, supplemented by manual searches in OMIM and GeneCards. Results: Four major biological links between SD and PD have been proposed. First, alpha-synuclein deposits are detectable in cutaneous nerve fibres and autonomic fibres innervating sebaceous glands in PD patients and their pattern has been associated with disease subtype and progression. Second, dysfunction in ceramide and sphingolipid metabolism, associated with variants in GBA1, LRRK2, and ZNF750, has been linked to impaired lysosomal function and skin barrier integrity in both brain and skin tissue. Third, Malassezia, a commonly associated organism and possible trigger in susceptible hosts, produces metabolites that activate neuroinflammatory pathways relevant to PD and PD patients show altered Malassezia species composition on their skin. Fourth, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, which can be triggered by ceramide accumulation and fungal metabolites, has been proposed as a shared inflammatory mechanism that may operate in both keratinocytes and dopaminergic neurons. Conclusions: SD and PD appear to share overlapping genetic, lipidomic, microbial, and neuroinflammatory features. These associations are consistent with, but do not yet prove, a common pathological basis rather than a coincidental one. SD may therefore represent a potential prodromal feature or risk marker of PD. Future research should examine whether targeted intervention in high-risk SD patients can delay or modify PD onset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17080894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:32:13Z","timestamp":1785403933000},"page":"894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Genetic, Lipid, Fungal Microbiome and Neuroinflammatory Links Between Seborrheic Dermatitis and Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Kefala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, GR-12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Efthymios","family":"Oikonomou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, GR-12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0661-4738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Sfyri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, GR-12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0988-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliki-Sofia","family":"Grech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, GR-12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6316-959X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niki","family":"Tertipi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, GR-12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0405-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Andreou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, GR-12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8806-281X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Efstathios","family":"Rallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, GR-12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3705","article-title":"Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"14","author":"Heneka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.3902","article-title":"Widening the spectrum of risk factors, comorbidities, and prodromal features of Parkinson disease","volume":"80","author":"Schrag","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.11.017","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease and skin","volume":"82","author":"Niemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13116","article-title":"Malassezia species in healthy skin and in dermatological conditions","volume":"55","author":"Prohic","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2094","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28636","article-title":"Onset of skin, gut, and genitourinary prodromal Parkinson\u2019s disease: A study of 1.5 million veterans","volume":"36","author":"Scott","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.08.074","article-title":"The association of seborrheic dermatitis and Parkinson\u2019s disease: A cross-sectional study","volume":"92","author":"Wilkowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.25251\/qr3jze46","article-title":"Dermatological manifestations in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and single-arm meta-analysis of prevalence rates","volume":"10","author":"Djuanda","year":"2026","journal-title":"SKIN J. Cutan. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2022.18.6.628","article-title":"Seborrheic dermatitis is related to motor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Tomic","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12281-024-00493-5","article-title":"Seborrheic dermatitis and Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Yee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Fungal Infect. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac176","article-title":"Lipid pathway dysfunction is prevalent in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"145","author":"Galper","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2025.100955","article-title":"Dysregulated metabolism of ceramides and glycosphingolipids in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"67","author":"Peng","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01275-w","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome in neuroinflammation and central nervous system diseases","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laurence, M., Benito-Le\u00f3n, J., and Calon, F. (2019). Malassezia and Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front. Neurol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00758"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-024-04270-w","article-title":"From skin and gut to the brain: The infectious journey of the human commensal fungus Malassezia and its neurological consequences","volume":"62","author":"Naik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30320-5","article-title":"Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritable risk for Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies","volume":"18","author":"Nalls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3955","article-title":"A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies 17 new Parkinson\u2019s disease risk loci","volume":"49","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30287-X","article-title":"The genetic architecture of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Blauwendraat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12579","article-title":"Neuroendocrinology and neurobiology of sebaceous glands","volume":"95","author":"Clayton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4921","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1501a4921","article-title":"Dermatological Manifestations and Sebum Composition in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"15","author":"Paz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dermatol. Pract. Concept."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00383","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein in peripheral tissues in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27794","article-title":"Value of in vivo \u03b1-syn deposits in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Tsukita","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doppler, K., Brockmann, K., Sedghi, A., Wurster, I., Volkmann, J., Oertel, W.H., and Sommer, C. (2018). Dermal phospho-alpha-synuclein deposition in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and mutation of the glucocerebrosidase gene. Front. Neurol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01094"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-018-0581-4","article-title":"Skin nerve \u03b1-synuclein deposits in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other synucleinopathies: A review","volume":"29","author":"Donadio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"937","article-title":"Detection of dermal alpha-synuclein deposits as a biomarker for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Doppler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21669-4","article-title":"Metabolomics of sebum reveals lipid dysregulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Sinclair","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18550","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98423-9","article-title":"Non-invasive diagnostic tool for Parkinson\u2019s disease by sebum RNA profile with machine learning","volume":"11","author":"Uehara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-021-00262-y","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein oligomers and small nerve fiber pathology in skin are potential biomarkers of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Vacchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51301","article-title":"Peripheral synucleinopathy in Parkinson disease with LRRK2 G2385R variants","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104076","article-title":"Skin alpha-synuclein deposit patterns: A predictor of Parkinson\u2019s disease subtypes","volume":"80","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"2453","article-title":"Phosphorylated \u03b1-synuclein deposits in cutaneous nerves of early parkinsonism","volume":"12","author":"Nolano","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlae015","article-title":"Skin nerve phosphorylated \u03b1-synuclein in the elderly","volume":"83","author":"Donadio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaacson, J.R., Freeman, R., and Gibbons, C.H. (2024). Clinical utility of synuclein skin biopsy in the diagnosis and evaluation of synucleinopathies. Front. Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1510796"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00738-7","article-title":"A skin-specific \u03b1-synuclein seeding amplification assay for diagnosing Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Kuang","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-024-01705-x","article-title":"Detection of skin \u03b1-synuclein using RT-QuIC as a diagnostic biomarker for Parkinson\u2019s disease in the Chinese population","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-024-01873-1","article-title":"A minimally invasive biomarker for sensitive and accurate diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlaf001","article-title":"A-Synuclein distribution in olfactory mucosa and skin nerves in Parkinson disease associated with an EIF4G1 gene mutation","volume":"84","author":"Braccia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70453","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.70453","article-title":"Dermal alpha-synuclein aggregation in seed amplification assays for Parkinson\u2019s disease subtype differentiation","volume":"32","author":"Vieregge","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-12978-5","article-title":"Skin \u03b1-synuclein assays in diagnosing Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"272","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e214648","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000214648","article-title":"CSF \u03b1-synuclein seed amplification assays and skin immunofluorescence: Clinical applications, research opportunities, and knowledge gaps","volume":"106","author":"Coughlin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-025-00531-3","article-title":"Microglia in the crosstalk between peripheral and central nervous systems in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-024-01043-w","article-title":"A-Synuclein pathology as a target in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"21","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23614","article-title":"Glucocerebrosidase deficiency in substantia nigra of Parkinson disease brains","volume":"72","author":"Gegg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1086055","article-title":"GBA deficiency promotes SNCA\/\u03b1-synuclein accumulation through autophagic inhibition by inactivated PPP2A","volume":"11","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uversky, V.N. (2015). Intrinsically disordered proteins and their (disordered) proteomes in neurodegenerative disorders. Front. Aging Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00018"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520335113","article-title":"A-Synuclein\u2013induced lysosomal dysfunction occurs through disruptions in protein trafficking in human midbrain synucleinopathy models","volume":"113","author":"Mazzulli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9617","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1525-17.2017","article-title":"Glucosylsphingosine promotes \u03b1-synuclein pathology in mutant GBA-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Taguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy105","article-title":"Acid ceramidase inhibition ameliorates \u03b1-synuclein accumulation upon loss of GBA1 function","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddz030","article-title":"GBA haploinsufficiency accelerates alpha-synuclein pathology with altered lipid metabolism in a prodromal model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"28","author":"Ikuno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerri, S., Ghezzi, C., Ongari, G., Croce, S., Avenali, M., Zangaglia, R., Di Monte, D.A., Valente, E.M., and Blandini, F. (2021). GBA mutations influence the release and pathological effects of small extracellular vesicles from fibroblasts of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22042215"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.08.026","article-title":"Serum lipid alterations in GBA-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"44","author":"Guedes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chan, R.B., Perotte, A.J., Zhou, B., Liong, C., Shorr, E.J., Marder, K.S., Kang, U.J., Waters, C.H., Levy, O.A., and Xu, Y. (2017). Elevated GM3 plasma concentration in idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease: A lipidomic analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172348"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvano, C.D., Ventura, G., Sardanelli, A.M.M., Savino, L., Losito, I., Michele, G.D., Palmisano, F., and Cataldi, T.R.I. (2019). Searching for potential lipid biomarkers of Parkinson\u2019s disease in Parkin-mutant human skin fibroblasts by HILIC-ESI-MS\/MS: Preliminary findings. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133341"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galper, J., Kim, W.S., and Dzamko, N. (2022). LRRK2 and lipid pathways: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111597"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, L., and Schapira, A.H.V. (2022). GBA variants and Parkinson disease: Mechanisms and treatments. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11081261"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, L.J., Lee, C.-Y., Menozzi, E., and Schapira, A.H.V. (2022). Genetic variations in GBA1 and LRRK2 genes: Biochemical and clinical consequences in Parkinson disease. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.971252"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02531-3","article-title":"Glucocerebrosidase mutations and Parkinson disease","volume":"129","author":"Vieira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108419","article-title":"Targeting the GBA1 pathway to slow Parkinson disease: Insights into clinical aspects, pathogenic mechanisms and new therapeutic avenues","volume":"246","author":"Menozzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2301016","article-title":"The effect of p.G2019S mutation in the LRRK2 gene on the activity of lysosomal hydrolases and the clinical features of Parkinson\u2019s disease associated with p.N370S mutation in the GBA1 gene","volume":"23","author":"Usenko","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12813","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12813","article-title":"Phosphoproteomics reveals that Parkinson\u2019s disease kinase LRRK2 regulates a subset of Rab GTPases","volume":"5","author":"Steger","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"819","article-title":"Association of the rs823144 variant of the RAB29 gene with the activity of lysosomal hydrolases in blood cells and risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Basharova","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet. I Sel."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-025-08864-y","article-title":"Protective effect of the LRRK2 kinase inhibition in human fibroblasts bearing the genetic variant GBA1 K198E: Implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuromol. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4803","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-25-01082","article-title":"Interplay of GBA1 with lysosomal dysfunction and inflammation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaf166","article-title":"Inhibition or genetic reduction of ASAH1\/acid ceramidase restore \u03b1-synuclein clearance in mutant GBA1 dopamine neurons from Parkinson\u2019s patients","volume":"34","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1039\/D5SC06116D","article-title":"Ambroxol displaces \u03b1-synuclein from the membrane and inhibits the formation of early protein\u2013lipid coaggregates","volume":"17","author":"Dreier","year":"2026","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-026-00931-7","article-title":"Multi-omics insights into GBA1-associated Parkinson\u2019s disease: Interplay of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and lipidomics","volume":"21","author":"Ni","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2022.108964","article-title":"The neuroinflammatory role of glucocerebrosidase in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"207","author":"Bo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.55","article-title":"Fungal dysbiosis: Immunity and interactions at mucosal barriers","volume":"17","author":"Iliev","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2023.2276367","article-title":"Part 1: Understanding the role of Malassezia spp. in skin disorders: Malassezia yeasts as commensal or pathogenic organisms of human and animal skin","volume":"21","author":"Ugochukwu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2023.2274500","article-title":"Part 2: Understanding the role of Malassezia spp. in skin disorders: Pathogenesis of Malassezia associated skin infections","volume":"21","author":"Ugochukwu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anti-Infect. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14006","article-title":"Seborrheic dermatitis\u2014Looking beyond Malassezia","volume":"28","author":"Wikramanayake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14091","article-title":"An update on the microbiology, immunology and genetics of seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"29","author":"Adalsteinsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piacentini, F., Ciccone, E., Di Nardo, A., and Dell\u2019Anna, M.L. (2025). Seborrheic dermatitis: Exploring the complex interplay with Malassezia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26062650"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"16S","article-title":"Current understanding of seborrheic dermatitis: Presentation, diagnosis, and special populations","volume":"29","author":"Turchin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khimuk, S., Andrusiewicz, A., Mijas, D., and Nowicka, D. (2026). Molecular mechanisms in seborrheic dermatitis\u2014Systematic review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27062799"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2025.01.082","article-title":"Tape-strip profiling identifies unique immune and lipid dysregulation in patients with seborrheic dermatitis","volume":"92","author":"Ungar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, X., Bedarf, J., Proske-Schmitz, S., Schmitt, I., and W\u00fcllner, U. (2023). Increased diversity of Malassezia species on the skin of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients. Front. Aging Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2023.1268751"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01121-w","article-title":"Alterations of the skin microbiome in multiple system atrophy: A pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70112","article-title":"Bidirectional associations between seborrheic dermatitis and epithelial barrier diseases: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"81","author":"Meng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12425","article-title":"The skin and Parkinson\u2019s disease: Review of clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic issues","volume":"4","author":"Skorvanek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.65.6.791","article-title":"Dermatoses in parkinsonism: The importance of multidisciplinary follow-up","volume":"65","author":"Antunes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. M\u00e9dica Bras."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.107178","article-title":"Association between sebum secretion and cardiac sympathetic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"129","author":"Kitagawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.01.018","article-title":"Skin conditions in early Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"84","author":"Dinesh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102014","article-title":"Mitochondrial and autophagic alterations in skin fibroblasts from Parkinson disease patients with Parkin mutations","volume":"11","author":"Ezquerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-019-04485-1","article-title":"Skin fibroblasts as the object for clinical diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease in persons of different ages","volume":"167","author":"Zuev","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2024241","DOI":"10.5826\/dpc.1404a241","article-title":"The prevalence and clinical significance of skin manifestations in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"14","author":"Iyidal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dermatol. Pract. Concept."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14704","article-title":"The genetic basis of seborrhoeic dermatitis: A review","volume":"32","author":"Karakadze","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadg5423","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adg5423","article-title":"ZFP750 affects the cutaneous barrier through regulating lipid metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Butera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14952","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14952","article-title":"Lesional skin of seborrheic dermatitis patients is characterized by skin barrier dysfunction and correlating alterations in the stratum corneum ceramide composition","volume":"33","author":"Rousel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.RA120000639","article-title":"Skin barrier lipid enzyme activity in Netherton patients is associated with protease activity and ceramide abnormalities","volume":"61","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaah4066","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aah4066","article-title":"Inflammasome inhibition prevents \u03b1-synuclein pathology and dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mice","volume":"10","author":"Gordon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1804677","article-title":"1-Deoxysphingolipids cause autophagosome and lysosome accumulation and trigger NLRP3 inflammasome activation","volume":"17","author":"Lauterbach","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/17\/8\/894\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:39:14Z","timestamp":1785404354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/17\/8\/894"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["genes17080894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes17080894","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}