{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:06:24Z","timestamp":1785405984689,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for Research Center for Medical Genetics"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03dhz7247","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Due to advances in paleogenetic research, a substantial amount of data has been accumulated on the Y-chromosome of the ancient Scytho-Siberian population that inhabited South Siberia and the adjacent territories of modern Mongolia and North-West China. It became possible to compare the Y-chromosomes of ancient men and modern Tuvans of various clans. Methods: We analyzed Y-SNPs and Y-STRs of ancient and modern samples. Results: During Tuvan ethnogenesis, the total frequency of the haplogroups Q and R1a dropped from 85% in Scytho-Siberian populations to 35% in modern Tuvans. Today, the gene pool of Tuvans is dominated by haplogroups N-P43, N-M178 and O-M175, which remain undetected in the samples from the Scytho-Siberian period. An analysis of the Y-STR phylogenetic networks that integrated data on Y-STR haplotypes and Y-SNPs of the Q and R1a haplogroup branches of both ancient and modern specimens provides findings that should be interpreted as broad phylogenetic affinities consistent with the paternal lineage continuity of haplogroups Q-YP1102 and R1a-Y39884. At the same time, the TMRCA estimate for the Y-STR cluster of the dominant branch of haplogroup Q in modern Tuvans, Q-YP1102-YP1691, is only 670 \u00b1 130 YBP. Clusters of Y-STR haplotypes of the R1a-Y39884, R1a-YP1506, and R1a-YP1543 branches in modern Tuvans are also young and date back to between 1200 and 400 YBP. The Scytho-Siberian haplogroups R1a-YP1272, Q-BZ180, and N-Y147969 were not found in our sample set of modern Tuvans (n = 633). Conclusions: Haplogroups Q-YP1102 and R1a-Y39884 originated in Siberia and their branches are typical for the modern indigenous populations of South and West Siberia. Q-YP1102 marks the Yeniseian substrate and R1a-Y39884 was common in the ancient Siberian Andronovo culture. Overall, the gene pool of the Tuvan population was shaped (at least since the Scytho-Siberian period) by close interactions with the gene pools of Siberia and West Mongolia. However, the resolution of Y-SNP and Y-STR genotyping, as well as the limited sample size of ancient samples and their location in a limited area of the Eerbek River valley, do not allow us to conclude about the direct inheritance of modern Tuvan lineages from the ancient Scytho-Siberian population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17080896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:32:13Z","timestamp":1785403933000},"page":"896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Yeniseian and Andronovo Substrates in the Gene Pools of the Indigenous Southern Siberian Populations Analyzed by Q and R1a Y-Haplogroups"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3527-4195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Adamov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie Str. 1, Moscow 115522, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgy","family":"Ponomarev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie Str. 1, Moscow 115522, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1736-9210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa","family":"Damba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie Str. 1, Moscow 115522, Russia"},{"name":"Research Institute of Medical and Social Problems and Management of the Republic of Tuva, Ulug-Khem Str. 17, Kyzyl 667003, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3882-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Balanovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechie Str. 1, Moscow 115522, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Serdobov, N.A. 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