{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T11:39:27Z","timestamp":1786534767936,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Adenosine monophosphate deaminase deficiency has been implicated in impaired exercise capacity. We examined whether the AMPD1 C34T (rs17602729) genotype was associated with athlete status and performance in distance runners (DRs) and rugby union (RU) athletes. Methods: Participants included 621 elite male RU athletes, 666 elite\/sub-elite male and female DRs, and 1029 male and female non-athletes (NA), all of European ancestry. Genotyping was performed using real-time PCR with TaqMan reagents. Genotype and allele frequencies were compared using \u03c72 tests, while performance data were analysed using Kruskal\u2013Wallis H, Mann\u2013Whitney U, one-way ANOVA, and t-tests, with Benjamini\u2013Hochberg correction applied for multiple comparisons. Results: Genotype and allele frequencies did not differ between athletes and NA or between athlete groups. In all DRs, run times did not differ between genotypes, although participants with the CT genotype in the elite and elite male subgroups were up to 5% faster than CC and TT homozygotes. In RU, participants with the CC genotype played 13% longer per appearance than those with the CT genotype, while forwards and front five participants with the CC genotype played 13% and 26% longer per appearance than T-allele carriers, respectively. Front five T-allele carriers made 75% more clean breaks than the front five with the CC genotype despite playing for a shorter time, although this finding should be interpreted cautiously. Conclusions: In summary, while the AMPD1 C34T genotype was not associated with athlete status, the CC genotype was associated with greater RU playing time per appearance in forwards, and the CT genotype was associated with superior performance in elite DRs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17080935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T09:11:16Z","timestamp":1786439476000},"page":"935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Does the AMPD1 C34T Polymorphism Influence Physical Performance in Elite Athletes?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daniel R.","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0706-2864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgina K.","family":"Stebbings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shane M.","family":"Heffernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5705-0207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert M.","family":"Erskine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport & Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4229-6888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Antrobus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4104-9447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jon","family":"Brazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Sport and Geography, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lockey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex L.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Day","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHS Education for Scotland, Westport 102, West Port, Edinburgh EH3 9DN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Kilduff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart M.","family":"Raleigh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Cullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2564-0480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malcolm","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health through Physical Activity, Lifestyle and Sport Research Centre (HPALS), Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6210-2449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannis","family":"Pitsiladis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China"},{"name":"Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome \u2018Foro Italico\u2019, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Callus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8964-0087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam J.","family":"Herbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Life and Sport Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B5 5JU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8052-8184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alun G.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 7EL, UK"},{"name":"Applied Sports Science Technology and Medicine Research Centre (A-STEM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092408","article-title":"The genetic basis for elite running performance","volume":"47","author":"Tucker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. 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