{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T14:33:15Z","timestamp":1787149995989,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spectrum of syndromes associated with chronic urticaria (CU) is broad, ranging from monogenic autoinflammatory diseases (a single gene defect drives disease through dysregulated innate immunity) to multifactorial and acquired conditions (urticaria arises as part of a broader, polygenic or immune-mediated systemic process). Monogenic autoinflammatory conditions presenting with urticaria include cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS)\u2014encompassing familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome (FCAS), Muckle\u2013Wells syndrome (MWS), and neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID\/CINCA) and the broader group of familial cold urticarias. Monogenic conditions with well-characterized gain-of-function NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) variants present with recurrent hives, a cardinal feature associated with recurrent fevers. Multifactorial and acquired autoinflammatory or immune-mediated conditions include Schnitzler syndrome, adult-onset Still\u2019s disease, hypereosinophilic syndrome, Gleich syndrome, Wells syndrome, and Sj\u00f6gren syndrome. Multifactorial conditions, including Schnitzler syndrome and Still\u2019s disease, manifest similarly, with CU as an initial sign and a shared pathogenic mechanism of innate immune dysregulation, with interleukin-1\u03b2 playing a central, pro-inflammatory role as a major pyrogen. Here, we also present a female patient with clinically established Andersen\u2013Tawil syndrome (ATS) who developed recurrent hives on her extremities within minutes after vigorous exercise. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a co-occurrence of CU and ATS. The hives were successfully attenuated by oral intake of effervescent potassium chloride during physical activity. This observation raises the possibility that chronic inducible urticaria may represent a previously unrecognized cutaneous ATS manifestation and suggests a potential pathophysiological link between potassium-channel dysfunction and mast cell activation. Distinguishing whether hives are an isolated symptom or part of a broader syndrome is critically important, as it might be crucial for the patient outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17080976","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T14:07:34Z","timestamp":1787148454000},"page":"976","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chronic Urticaria-Associated Syndromes: Is Andersen\u2013Tawil Syndrome One of Them?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7415-991X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vedrana","family":"Bulat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7010-3435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucija","family":"Zanze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Family Physician Office, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4350-4025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirta","family":"Pe\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipik Special Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation, 34551 Lipik, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dajana","family":"Smoljan-Filipovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Dragun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7494-5742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liborija","family":"Lugovi\u0107-Mihi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatovenereology, Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Center, Vinogradska cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Chair of Dermatovenerology, University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8628-1","article-title":"Urticaria and angioedema: An update on classification and pathogenesis","volume":"54","author":"Hofmeier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000001093","article-title":"Chronic urticaria and autoinflammatory syndromes","volume":"25","author":"Yacoub","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13292","article-title":"The discovery of NLRP3 and its function in cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes and innate immunity","volume":"322","author":"Putnam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.15984","article-title":"Neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis: An entity bridging monogenic and polygenic autoinflammatory disorders, and beyond","volume":"34","author":"Gusdorf","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanazawa, N. (2020). Designation of autoinflammatory skin manifestations with specific genetic backgrounds. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00475"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, N., and Zhi, Y. (2025). Familial cold urticarias: Genetic landscape, molecular mechanisms, and diagnostic strategies. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15243195"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2021-221801","article-title":"The 2021 EULAR\/American College of Rheumatology points to consider for diagnosis, management and monitoring of the interleukin-1 mediated autoinflammatory diseases: Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes, tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome, mevalonate kinase deficiency, and deficiency of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist","volume":"81","author":"Romano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-015-0177-x","article-title":"PLAID: A Syndrome of complex patterns of disease and unique phenotypes","volume":"35","author":"Milner","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.08.036","article-title":"PLCG2-associated immune dysregulation (PLAID) comprises broad and distinct clinical presentations related to functional classes of genetic variants","volume":"153","author":"Baysac","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"598","article-title":"Schnitzler syndrome: Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"26","author":"Sipos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-020-00520-4","article-title":"Eosinophilic dermatoses: Recognition and management","volume":"21","author":"Marzano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/key330","article-title":"Genetics and epigenetics in primary Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"60","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-01993-x","article-title":"Adult-Onset Still\u2019s Disease (AOSD): Advances in understanding pathophysiology, genetics and emerging treatment options","volume":"84","author":"Bindoli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13173","article-title":"Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia (Gleich syndrome) in children: A clinical review","volume":"31","author":"Bertrand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"609","article-title":"Autoinflammatory diseases in pediatric dermatology\u2014Part 1: Urticaria-like syndromes, pustular syndromes, and mucocutaneous ulceration syndromes","volume":"108","author":"Xirotagaros","year":"2017","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.06.019","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of chronic spontaneous urticaria","volume":"13","author":"Gialama","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12305","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12305","article-title":"Differential diagnosis between urticarial vasculitis and chronic spontaneous urticaria: An international Delphi survey","volume":"13","author":"Krause","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13772","article-title":"Cryopyrin-associated periodic fever syndrome in children: A case-based review","volume":"23","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2016.07.005","article-title":"Dermatologic manifestations of monogenic autoinflammatory diseases","volume":"35","author":"Shwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) (2026, August 05). Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome 1; FCAS1. MIM Number: 120100. Johns Hopkins University. Available online: https:\/\/omim.org\/entry\/120100."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Welzel, T., and Kuemmerle-Deschner, J.B. (2021). Diagnosis and Management of the Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndromes (CAPS): What Do We Know Today?. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10010128"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) (2026, August 05). Muckle-Wells Syndrome; MWS. MIM Number: 191900. Johns Hopkins University. Available online: https:\/\/omim.org\/entry\/191900."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) (2026, August 05). CINCA Syndrome (Neonatal-Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease). MIM Number: 607115. Johns Hopkins University. Available online: https:\/\/omim.org\/entry\/607115."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) (2026, August 05). Familial Mediterranean Fever; FMF. MIM Number: 249100. Johns Hopkins University. Available online: https:\/\/omim.org\/entry\/249100."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Adam, M.P., Bick, S., Mirzaa, G.M., Pagon, R.A., Wallace, S.E., and Amemiya, A. (1993). Familial Mediterranean Fever. GeneReviews\u00ae [Internet], University of Washington."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Deuitch, N., Cudrici, C., Ombrello, A., and Aksentijevich, I. (1993). TNF Receptor-Associated Periodic Fever Syndrome. GeneReviews\u00ae [Internet], University of Washington."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) (2026, August 05). Hyper-IgD Syndrome; HIDS. MIM Number: 260920. Johns Hopkins University. Available online: https:\/\/omim.org\/entry\/260920."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1186\/s12969-021-00645-8","article-title":"Vasculitis in a patient with mevalonate kinase deficiency (MKD): A case report","volume":"19","author":"Omoyinmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-1-13","article-title":"Mevalonate kinase deficiencies: From mevalonic aciduria to hyperimmunoglobulinemia D syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Haas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lengv\u00e1ri, L., Tak\u00e1cs, K., Lengyel, A., P\u00e1link\u00e1s, A., Wouters, C.H., Kon\u00e9-Paut, I., Kuemmerle-Deschner, J., Jeyaratnam, J., Anton, J., and Lachmann, H.J. (2024). Mevalonate kinase deficiency: An updated clinical overview and revision of the SHARE recommendations. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1466844"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) (2026, August 05). Familial Cold Autoinflammatory Syndrome 3; FCAS3 (PLAID). MIM Number: 614468. Johns Hopkins University. Available online: https:\/\/omim.org\/entry\/614468."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1102140","article-title":"Cold urticaria, immunodeficiency, and autoimmunity related to PLCG2 deletions","volume":"366","author":"Ombrello","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueras-Nart, I., Mascar\u00f3, J.M., Solanich, X., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Rodr\u00edguez, J. (2019). Dermatologic and Dermatopathologic Features of Monogenic Autoinflammatory Diseases. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02448"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2024.06.025","article-title":"Splice site and de novo variants can cause PLCG2-associated immune dysregulation with cold urticaria","volume":"155","author":"Chou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wesselmann, A.S., Kunstner, A., Fahnrich, A., Wesselmann, A.S., K\u00fcnstner, A., F\u00e4hnrich, A., Rose, C., Lamprecht, P., Busch, H., and Ludwig, R.J. (2023). Case report: Schnitzler-like syndrome without monoclonal gammopathy. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1166620"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0081-x","article-title":"Mechanisms, biomarkers and targets for adult-onset Still\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Feist","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.02.019","article-title":"Contemporary consensus proposal on criteria and classification of eosinophilic disorders and related syndromes","volume":"130","author":"Valent","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2013.091264","article-title":"Episodic angioedema with eosinophilia (Gleich syndrome) is a multilineage cell cycling disorder","volume":"100","author":"Khoury","year":"2015","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-025-04305-9","article-title":"Wells syndrome: Emerging triggers and treatments\u2014An updated systematic review","volume":"317","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"e35809","article-title":"Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome presenting with chronic urticaria: A case report","volume":"15","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2016.09.013","article-title":"Acrally distributed dermatoses: Vascular dermatoses (purpura and vasculitis)","volume":"35","author":"Kazandjieva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1819","article-title":"Urticarial vasculitis","volume":"16","author":"Fraticelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00902-y","article-title":"Evidence-based stepwise approach to the management of urticarial vasculitis","volume":"26","author":"Rothermel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41986","article-title":"2022 American College of Rheumatology\/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria for granulomatosis with polyangiitis","volume":"74","author":"Robson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08725.x","article-title":"Comparison of cutaneous manifestations in systemic polyarteritis nodosa and microscopic polyangiitis","volume":"159","author":"Kluger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yim, J., Kim, K.B., Kim, M., Lee, G.D., and Kim, M. (2022). Andersen-Tawil syndrome with novel mutation in KCNJ2: Case report. Front. Pediatr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.790075"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0000000000000326","article-title":"Andersen-Tawil Syndrome: A comprehensive review","volume":"29","author":"Samesina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onore, M.E., Picillo, E., D\u2019Ambrosio, P., Morra, S., Nigro, V., and Politano, L. (2024). Phenotypic variability of Andersen-Tawil Syndrome due to allelic mutation c.652C>T in the KCNJ2 gene-a new family case report. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14040507"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab445","article-title":"Andersen-Tawil syndrome: Deep phenotyping reveals significant cardiac and neuromuscular morbidity","volume":"145","author":"Vivekanandam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00342-7","article-title":"Mutations in Kir2.1 cause the developmental and episodic electrical phenotypes of Andersen\u2019s syndrome","volume":"105","author":"Plaster","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202413610","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.202413610","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the distinct K+ dependencies of periodic paralysis","volume":"157","author":"Foy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2418021122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2418021122","article-title":"Potassium-sensitive loss of muscle force in the setting of reduced inward rectifier K+ current: Implications for Andersen-Tawil syndrome","volume":"122","author":"Elia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Qu, Q., Zheng, X., Ma, X., Cui, W., Lv, Z., Hu, C., Li, S., Zhao, J., and Lv, H. (2024). Clinical, myopathological, and genetic features of two Chinese families with Andersen-Tawil syndrome. Front. Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1423320"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000239","article-title":"A Kir3.4 mutation causes Andersen-Tawil syndrome by an inhibitory effect on Kir2.1","volume":"82","author":"Kokunai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac118","article-title":"Molecular stratification of arrhythmogenic mechanisms in the Andersen Tawil syndrome","volume":"119","author":"Cruz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15090","article-title":"The international EAACI\/GA2LEN\/EuroGuiDerm\/APAAACI guideline for the definition, classification, diagnosis, and management of urticaria","volume":"77","author":"Zuberbier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1111\/all.70210","article-title":"The International Guideline for the Definition, Classification, Diagnosis and Management of Urticaria","volume":"81","author":"Zuberbier","year":"2026","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pluta-Kubicz, M., and Brzoza, Z. (2023). Chronic urticaria\u2014Pathogenesis; diagnostics; therapy and influence of coexisting angioedema. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12020688"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins de Paiva, M.J., de Ara\u00fajo, L.C., de Oliveira Marinho, M., de Paiva, R.F.D., dos Santos Costa, V.P., de Faria, G.P.S., de Souza, G.S., Herrera, S.D.S.C., de Melo Damasceno, I.A., and dos Santos, T.T. (2026). Chronic spontaneous urticaria: Pathophysiological mechanisms, emerging biomarkers, and therapeutic advances. Allergies, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/allergies6020011"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duman, N., Muftuoglu, C., Tahhan, B., Co\u015fkun, T., Ece, D., Mert, U., \u00d6zkal, S., and Caner, A. (2026). Serum immunometabolic biomarkers reveal distinct phenotypes in chronic urticaria. Diagnostics, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202603.1576.v1"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuna, M., \u0160tefanovi\u0107, M., Barac, E., Maduni\u0107, F.I., Han\u017eek, M., and Lugovi\u0107-Mihi\u0107, L. (2026). Prospective monitoring of serum values of CBC; Total IgE; thyroid findings; D-dimer; vitamin D; and inflammatory molecules CRP; ESR; and IL-6 and clinical features of chronic spontaneous urticaria patients during antihistamine treatment. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27052503"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batyrbayeva, A., Ispayeva, Z., Pashimov, M., Tuleutayev, R., Kaibullayeva, J., Baidildayeva, M., Sultanova, B., Maldybayeva, A., and Turebekova, K. (2026). Disease control; activity and quality of life in chronic spontaneous urticaria: A cross-sectional study from kazakhstan. Diagnostics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16050672"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-010-0160-9","article-title":"Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome: An update on diagnosis and treatment response","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2013010441","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-010441","article-title":"Cold-induced urticaria: Challenges in diagnosis and management","volume":"2013","author":"Hochstadter","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/17\/8\/976\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T14:11:46Z","timestamp":1787148706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/17\/8\/976"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["genes17080976"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes17080976","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]}}}