{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:15:26Z","timestamp":1789395326653,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"High-level Talent Project in the medical and health field under the \u201cTianshan Talents\u201d Training Program","award":["TSYC202401B132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSYC202401B132"]}]},{"name":"Xinjiang Local Chinese Medicine and Ethnic Medicine New Drug Research and Development Cultivation Project","award":["2017-02-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-02-08"]}]},{"name":"Central Government Major Increase and Decrease Project","award":["2060302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2060302"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The genus Anchusa L. includes plants used in Uyghur medicine for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. However, in China, the botanical origin of HERBA ANCHUSAE (Niushecao, a Uyghur medicinal herb) is severely confused. Traditional identification methods and standard DNA barcodes do not work well for these close relatives. Chloroplast genomes are known to contain variable regions that can help distinguish species, yet no such study has been done for Anchusa. Therefore, We compared the complete chloroplast genomes of six Anchusa species and the main adulterants of Niushecao. Methods: We analyzed genome structure, repeat sequences, codon usage bias, and nucleotide diversity (Pi), as well as conducted comparative and phylogenetic analyses. Results: All genomes shared a typical ring-shaped quadripartite structure, ranged from 150,178 to 150,844 bp in size, and contained the same set of genes. Despite this overall conservation, we identified several highly variable spots, mostly located in non-coding intergenic spacer regions. Using two complementary approaches\u2014sliding window analysis and mVISTA-based sequence visualization\u2014we identified three overlapping regions (rbcL-psaI, petA-psbJ, and trnC-GCA-petN) as candidate DNA barcodes for species identification. Our phylogenetic tree showed that Anchusa strigosa Banks &amp; Sol. is most closely related to the true medicinal species Anchusa azurea Mill. (Bootstrap support (BS) = 100%), while other look-alikes formed separate branches. Conclusions: These findings provide the first chloroplast genomic resources for this genus and offer potential molecular markers for authenticating Anchusa medicinal materials, laying a foundation for future development of molecular authentication methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17090993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T17:20:28Z","timestamp":1787592028000},"page":"993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Chloroplast Genome Analysis of Anchusa and the Adulterants of HERBA ANCHUSAE"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1662-9156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Concoction Research, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yong-Zhen","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Qin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Chinese Materia Medica and Ethnic, Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yue-Shun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Concoction Research, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Di-Na","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory Basis of Xinjiang Indigenous Medicinal Plants Resource Utilization, Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-3725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2026, March 14). 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