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However, the relationship between detectable viral infection and IFN-related transcriptional responses remains unclear. Methods: In this cross-sectional, exploratory study, peripheral blood samples from individuals with new-onset T1D, established T1D, and healthy controls were analyzed by an enterovirus 5\u2032NCR-targeted RT-PCR assay and for the expression of innate immune receptors (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8), interferon-stimulated genes (IFI27, IFIT1, ISG15, IFI44L, RSAD2, SIGLEC1), and FOXP3, assessed as an exploratory marker related to regulatory T-cell biology potentially influenced by type I interferon signaling. Gene expression was assessed by quantitative RT-PCR, and comparisons were performed between groups. Results: Enterovirus-targeted amplification was observed in only one T1D sample under the applied assay conditions. In the setting of limited enterovirus-targeted amplification under the applied assay conditions, TLR3 was significantly increased in established T1D, while TLR7 was increased in both new-onset and established T1D, with the highest levels in established disease; these differences remained significant after correction for multiple comparisons across the full gene panel. TLR8 was unchanged. Several of the selected interferon-stimulated genes showed group-specific expression patterns: IFI27 and RSAD2 were significantly increased in new-onset T1D, whereas IFIT1 and ISG15 were more evident in established T1D. SIGLEC1 and IFI44L showed no significant differences. FOXP3 transcript abundance was also increased in both diabetic groups, a finding that correlated with lymphocyte proportion and is interpreted with caution. Conclusions: These findings indicate group-specific differences in whole-blood transcript expression of selected RNA-sensing and IFN-related genes in T1D under conditions in which enterovirus-targeted amplification was observed in only one sample. Given the cross-sectional whole-blood design and the analytical limitations of the EV assay, these results are hypothesis-generating and do not establish the presence or absence of systemic enterovirus infection or functional pathway activation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17091065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:39:47Z","timestamp":1788363587000},"page":"1065","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Selective Whole-Blood Expression of Interferon-Stimulated Genes and TLR3\/TLR7 in Type 1 Diabetes with Minimal Enterovirus-Targeted Amplification in Whole Blood"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1273-3178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Galliano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Children\u2019s Pathology and Care, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Nardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7265-9360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Tinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Diabetology Unit, City of Health and Science of Turin, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5112-8982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Nobili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Diabetology Unit, City of Health and Science of Turin, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Montanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Children\u2019s Pathology and Care, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Calvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Children\u2019s Pathology and Care, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Trada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Diabetology Unit, City of Health and Science of Turin, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2113-6196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luisa","family":"De Sanctis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Diabetology Unit, City of Health and Science of Turin, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9291-1332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Bergallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, Medical School, University of Turin, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, Italy"},{"name":"Pediatric Laboratory, Department of Children\u2019s Pathology and Care, Regina Margherita Children\u2019s Hospital, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Turin, 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