{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T09:06:31Z","timestamp":1789549591680,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Pediatric thrombosis (PT) is a rare clinical entity manifesting from neonatal life to adolescence with possibly severe clinical complications and increasing prevalence in the last decade. Its pathogenesis has been attributed to a multitude of factors, all of which share stress and inflammation as a common denominator. Although stress-induced inflammation, marked by the upregulation of proinflammatory interleukins, such as IL-1\u03b2, creates a prothrombotic environment, its relation with thrombosis remains incompletely defined, especially in the context of PT, which differs substantially from adult thrombosis. Here, we aimed to epigenetically explore the potential link between PT and stress-induced inflammation through a combinatorial approach. Methods: Initially, we bioinformatically identified candidate stress-specific miRNAs in childhood, followed by subsequent experimental assessment in serum samples of PT patients and healthy controls in relation to subjectively perceived stress levels and the functional +3953C\/T genetic polymorphism of the IL1B gene, which affects the circulating levels of the proinflammatory and stress-induced interleukin 1beta (IL-1\u03b2). Results: The bioinformatic analysis identified miR-34a-5p as the most stress-specific candidate microRNA in childhood, exhibiting the highest gene-target coverage (80.6%) of the developed panel of adversity-related genes, but is also known to regulate IL1B expression. The expression of serum miR-34a-5p was not significantly influenced by subjectively perceived stress; however, its expression was significantly reduced in the presence of the T allele of the functional +3953C\/T polymorphism of its target gene, IL1B, associated with increased levels of the stress-induced proinflammatory and simultaneously prothrombotic IL-1\u03b2 cytokine (FC:0.57; p = 0.024). Conclusions: The observed downregulation of miR-34a-5p in the presence of the IL-1\u03b2-increasing T allele possibly indicates a dynamic regulatory relationship, which, alongside its previously established long-term downregulation in PT, renders miR-34a-5p a promising candidate molecule for bridging the biological processes of stress-associated inflammation and thrombosis. In addition, its bioinformatically yielded candidate stress-specific role holds great potential for the non-invasive evaluation of adversity-related stress in childhood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes17091124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:58:59Z","timestamp":1789545539000},"page":"1124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Candidate Stress-Specific microRNA Expression in Pediatric Thrombosis and Healthy Children: A Comparative Analysis of Serum miR-34a-5p in Relation to Stress Levels and Inflammatory Genetic Traits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2561-9595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iphigenia","family":"Gintoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Choremion Laboratory, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Elissavet","family":"Damaskopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zoi","family":"Siouti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Choremion Laboratory, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Kleoniki","family":"Baldouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Skoufou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Pachis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Choremion Laboratory, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8232-3767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athina","family":"Dettoraki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haemophilia Center for Children and Adolescents\/Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7865-9823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Michalopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haemophilia Center for Children and Adolescents\/Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1792-0597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Pergantou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Haemophilia Center for Children and Adolescents\/Haemostasis and Thrombosis Unit, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1823-6102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Vlachakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Choremion Laboratory, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology, School of Applied Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, 118 55 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3098-5264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George P.","family":"Chrousos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Choremion Laboratory, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6695-186X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Yapijakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Orofacial Genetics, 1st Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Choremion Laboratory, University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, \u201cAghia Sophia\u201d Children\u2019s Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branchford, B.R., and Carpenter, S.L. (2018). The Role of Inflammation in Venous Thromboembolism. Front. Pediatr., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00142"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahajerin, A., and Croteau, S.E. (2017). Epidemiology and Risk Assessment of Pediatric Venous Thromboembolism. Front. Pediatr., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00068"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lassandro, G., Palmieri, V.V., Palladino, V., Amoruso, A., Faienza, M.F., and Giordano, P. (2020). Venous Thromboembolism in Children: From Diagnosis to Management. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17144993"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14739","article-title":"Epidemiology and Outcomes of Clinically Unsuspected Venous Thromboembolism in Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Sharathkumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12-6","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.583773","article-title":"Venous Thromboembolism in Children","volume":"113","author":"Parasuraman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.02.017","article-title":"Incidence Trends and Mortality from Childhood Venous Thromboembolism: A Population-Based Cohort Study","volume":"172","author":"Sabapathy","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gintoni, I., Baldouni, K., Dettoraki, A., Michalopoulou, A., Papathanasiou, I., Tsezou, A., Vlachakis, D., Pergantou, H., Chrousos, G.P., and Yapijakis, C. (2025). Serum MiR-34a as Indicator of Impaired Fibrinolytic Capacity in Pediatric Thrombosis Through Inadequate Regulation of the ACE\/PAI-1 Axis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202509.0215.v1"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2024.01.014","article-title":"Stressful Experiences and Venous Thromboembolism","volume":"122","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandrini, L., Ieraci, A., Amadio, P., Zar\u00e0, M., and Barbieri, S.S. (2020). Impact of Acute and Chronic Stress on Thrombosis in Healthy Individuals and Cardiovascular Disease Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21217818"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.27427","article-title":"Anxiety and Depression Are Associated with Heightened Risk of Incident Deep Vein Thrombosis: Mediation through Stress-Related Neural Mechanisms","volume":"99","author":"Rosovsky","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Qahtani, A.A., Alhamlan, F.S., and Al-Qahtani, A.A. (2024). Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Trop. Med. Infect. Dis., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9010013"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.03.012","article-title":"IL-1 and Related Cytokines in Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Health and Disease","volume":"50","author":"Mantovani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.06.033","article-title":"Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), Interferons, Transforming Growth Factor \u03b2, and TNF-\u03b1: Receptors, Functions, and Roles in Diseases","volume":"138","author":"Akdis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1160\/TH05-04-0266","article-title":"The Relationship between Inflammation and Venous Thrombosis. A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies","volume":"94","author":"Fox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(02)00429-4","article-title":"Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, Neuroendocrine Factors and Stress","volume":"53","author":"Tsigos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01948.x","article-title":"Dysregulation of the Stress Response in Asthmatic Children","volume":"64","author":"Priftis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12621","article-title":"Overview of the IL-1 Family in Innate Inflammation and Acquired Immunity","volume":"281","author":"Dinarello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1301713","article-title":"Psychological Stress in Children May Alter the Immune Response","volume":"192","author":"Carlsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1177\/10998004231168805","article-title":"Biomarkers of Stress and Inflammation in Children","volume":"25","author":"Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2009.106","article-title":"Stress and Disorders of the Stress System","volume":"5","author":"Chrousos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e030339","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030339","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and Cardiovascular Development from Childhood to Early Adulthood: Study Protocol of the Niagara Longitudinal Heart Study","volume":"9","author":"Wade","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.2217\/pgs-2022-0164","article-title":"IL16 and Factor V Gene Variations Are Associated with Asparaginase-Related Thrombosis in Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Patients","volume":"24","author":"Mootoosamy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacogenomics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, J.C.L., Lee, D.Y.H., and Leung, M.O.Y. (2020). Childhood Adversities and Salivary Cortisol Responses to the Trier Social Stress Test: A Systematic Review of Studies Using the Children Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18010029"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.12974\/2311-8687.2014.02.02.4","article-title":"The Perceived Stress Scale for Children: A Pilot Study in a Sample of 153 Children","volume":"2","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2006.02.001","article-title":"Strategies for Salivary Cortisol Collection and Analysis in Research with Children","volume":"19","author":"Hanrahan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800418779214","article-title":"Chronic Stress in Children and Adolescents: A Review of Biomarkers for Use in Pediatric Research","volume":"20","author":"Condon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-021-02814-4","article-title":"Enhancing Validity, Reliability and Participation in Self-Reported Health Outcome Measurement for Children and Young People: A Systematic Review of Recall Period, Response Scale Format, and Administration Modality","volume":"30","author":"Coombes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.21122","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences: A Meta-Analysis of Prevalence and Moderators among Half a Million Adults in 206 Studies","volume":"22","author":"Madigan","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.104127","article-title":"Adverse Childhood Experiences and Associated Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"97","author":"Petruccelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20230306","article-title":"Epigenetic Mechanisms Linking Early-Life Adversities and Mental Health","volume":"481","author":"Berardino","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00345.2024","article-title":"On the Role of Epigenetic Modifications of HPA Axis in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Resilience","volume":"133","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0597-8","article-title":"MicroRNA Mediators of Early Life Stress Vulnerability to Depression and Suicidal Behavior","volume":"25","author":"Allen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78787-5_51","article-title":"The Role of MicroRNAs in Thrombosis","volume":"1339","author":"Yapijakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gintoni, I., Vassiliou, S., Chrousos, G.P., and Yapijakis, C. (2024). Identification of Stage-Specific MicroRNAs That Govern the Early Stages of Sequential Oral Oncogenesis by Strategically Bridging Human Genetics with Epigenetics and Utilizing an Animal Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.1606.v1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2307\/2136404","article-title":"A Global Measure of Perceived Stress","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Health Soc. Behav."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph8083287","article-title":"Perceived Stress Scale: Reliability and Validity Study in Greece","volume":"8","author":"Andreou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx147","article-title":"Contemporaneous Social Environment and the Architecture of Late-Life Gene Expression Profiles","volume":"186","author":"Levine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3892\/ije.2025.27","article-title":"Genetic and Epigenetic Mechanisms Associated with Child Abuse: A Bioinformatics Study","volume":"5","author":"Damaskopoulou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"3981","article-title":"The Interleukin-1 Beta Gene Polymorphism +3953 C\/T Is Not Associated with Risk for Oral Cancer","volume":"27","author":"Vairaktaris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mentzelou, M., Louka, A., Vorvolakos, T., Kapetanou, M.G., Seradri, A., Antasouras, G., Kontogiorgis, C., Deligiannidou, G.-E., Chrysafi, M., and Giaginis, C. (2025). Childhood Obesity and Overweight Are Associated with Higher Risk of Perceived Stress and Poor Sleep Quality: A Cross-Sectional Study in Children Aged 6\u20139 Years. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15060345"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1992.tb01480.x","article-title":"A TaqI Polymorphism in the Human Interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) Gene Correlates with IL-1\u03b2 Secretion in Vitro","volume":"22","author":"Pociot","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2019.1710831","article-title":"IL1\u03b2, IL18, NFKB1 and IFNG Gene Interactions Are Associated with Severity of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Pilot Study","volume":"53","author":"Lima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autoimmunity"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12212","article-title":"IL-1A Rs1800587, IL-1B Rs1143634 and IL-1R1 Rs2234650 Polymorphisms in Iranian Patients with Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"42","author":"Abtahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/17\/9\/1124\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:21:17Z","timestamp":1789546877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/17\/9\/1124"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["genes17091124"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes17091124","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]]}}}