{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:50:59Z","timestamp":1791247859896,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]],"date-time":"2014-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The centromere is the chromosomal locus essential for chromosome inheritance and genome stability. Human centromeres are located at repetitive alpha satellite DNA arrays that compose approximately 5% of the genome. Contiguous alpha satellite DNA sequence is absent from the assembled reference genome, limiting current understanding of centromere organization and function. Here, we review the progress in centromere genomics spanning the discovery of the sequence to its molecular characterization and the work done during the Human Genome Project era to elucidate alpha satellite structure and sequence variation. We discuss exciting recent advances in alpha satellite sequence assembly that have provided important insight into the abundance and complex organization of this sequence on human chromosomes. In light of these new findings, we offer perspectives for future studies of human centromere assembly and function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes5010033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,24]],"date-time":"2014-01-24T02:42:04Z","timestamp":1390531324000},"page":"33-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["The Past, Present, and Future of Human Centromere Genomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Megan","family":"Aldrup-MacDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Division of Human Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beth","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA"},{"name":"Division of Human Genetics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-00182-6_1","article-title":"The epigenetic basis for centromere identity","volume":"48","author":"Panchenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Subcell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-012-9291-2","article-title":"Temporal control of epigenetic centromere specification","volume":"20","author":"Valente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chromosome Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(01)00028-4","article-title":"Domain organization at the centromere and neocentromere","volume":"1","author":"Choo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CHRO.0000036585.44138.4b","article-title":"Chromosomal dynamics of human neocentromere formation","volume":"12","author":"Warburton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chromosome Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/276092a0","article-title":"Homology between human and simian repeated DNA","volume":"276","author":"Manuelidis","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7549","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/15.18.7549","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence heterogeneity of alpha satellite repetitive DNA: A survey of alphoid sequences from different human chromosomes","volume":"15","author":"Waye","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"524","article-title":"Chromosome-specific organization of human alpha satellite DNA","volume":"37","author":"Willard","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.116.3.585","article-title":"Centromere protein B assembles human centromeric alpha-satellite DNA at the 17-bp sequence, CENP-B box","volume":"116","author":"Muro","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.genom.7.080505.115613","article-title":"Structural and functional dynamics of human centromeric chromatin","volume":"7","author":"Schueler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.6.1179","article-title":"A survey of the genomic distribution of alpha satellite DNA on all the human chromosomes, and derivation of a new consensus sequence","volume":"19","author":"Choo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6751","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/15.16.6751","article-title":"Human alpha satellite DNA\u2014Consensus sequence and conserved regions","volume":"15","author":"Vissel","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00303039","article-title":"The phylogeny of human chromosome specific alpha satellites","volume":"96","author":"Alexandrov","year":"1988","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s004120100146","article-title":"Alpha-satellite DNA of primates: Old and new families","volume":"110","author":"Alexandrov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(88)90151-6","article-title":"Chromosome-specific alpha satellite DNA: Isolation and mapping of a polymorphic alphoid repeat from human chromosome 10","volume":"3","author":"Devilee","year":"1988","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(90)90206-A","article-title":"Pulsed-field gel analysis of alpha-satellite DNA at the human X chromosome centromere: High-frequency polymorphisms and array size estimate","volume":"7","author":"Mahtani","year":"1990","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000133071","article-title":"Molecular cytogenetics of alpha satellite DNA from chromosome 12: Fluorescence in situ hybridization and description of DNA and array length polymorphisms","volume":"56","author":"Greig","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Cell Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9394","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.23.9394","article-title":"Long-range organization of tandem arrays of alpha satellite DNA at the centromeres of human chromosomes: High-frequency array-length polymorphism and meiotic stability","volume":"86","author":"Wevrick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5611","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.15.5611","article-title":"Detection of restriction fragment length polymorphisms at the centromeres of human chromosomes by using chromosome-specific alpha satellite DNA probes: Implications for development of centromere-based genetic linkage maps","volume":"83","author":"Willard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02346196","article-title":"The effect of Y-chromosome alpha-satellite array length on the rate of sex chromosome disomy in human sperm","volume":"97","author":"Abruzzo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(90)90165-Q","article-title":"Y chromosome DNA haplotyping suggests that most European and Asian men are descended from one of two males","volume":"7","author":"Oakey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-437X(05)80200-X","article-title":"Evolution of alpha satellite","volume":"1","author":"Willard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6915","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/14.17.6915","article-title":"Molecular analysis of a deletion polymorphism in alpha satellite of human chromosome 17: Evidence for homologous unequal crossing-over and subsequent fixation","volume":"14","author":"Waye","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"3156","article-title":"Structure, organization, and sequence of alpha satellite DNA from human chromosome 17: Evidence for evolution by unequal crossing-over and an ancestral pentamer repeat shared with the human X chromosome","volume":"6","author":"Waye","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(87)90041-3","article-title":"Molecular organization and haplotype analysis of centromeric DNA from human chromosome 17: Implications for linkage in neurofibromatosis","volume":"1","author":"Willard","year":"1987","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00173182","article-title":"Interhomologue sequence variation of alpha satellite DNA from human chromosome 17: Evidence for concerted evolution along haplotypic lineages","volume":"41","author":"Warburton","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13704","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203126109","article-title":"Functional epialleles at an endogenous human centromere","volume":"109","author":"Maloney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/3.8.1227","article-title":"Dissecting the centromere of the human Y chromosome with cloned telomeric DNA","volume":"3","author":"Brown","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5444","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00228.x","article-title":"Generation of a human X-derived minichromosome using telomere-associated chromosome fragmentation","volume":"14","author":"Farr","year":"1995","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0497-345","article-title":"Formation of de novo centromeres and construction of first-generation human artificial microchromosomes","volume":"15","author":"Harrington","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0598-431","article-title":"Construction of YAC-based mammalian artificial chromosomes","volume":"16","author":"Ikeno","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-5-11-r89","article-title":"Assembly and characterizationof heterochromatin and euchromatin on human artificial chromosomes","volume":"5","author":"Grimes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1006\/mthe.2002.0612","article-title":"Alpha-satellite DNA and vector composition influence rates of human artificial chromosome formation","volume":"5","author":"Grimes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200207112","article-title":"CENP-B box is required for de novo centromere chromatin assembly on human alphoid DNA","volume":"159","author":"Ohzeki","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90436-G","article-title":"Integration of human alpha-satellite DNA into simian chromosomes: Centromere protein binding and disruption of normal chromosome segregation","volume":"70","author":"Haaf","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5885","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02702","article-title":"Assembly of additional heterochromatin distinct from centromere-kinetochore chromatin is required for de novo formation of human artificial chromosome","volume":"118","author":"Nakashima","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2008.02.001","article-title":"Inactivation of a human kinetochore by specific targeting of chromatin modifiers","volume":"14","author":"Nakano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2010.329","article-title":"Epigenetic engineering shows H3K4me2 is required for HJURP targeting and CENP-A assembly on a synthetic human kinetochore","volume":"30","author":"Bergmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4194","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e09-06-0489","article-title":"Hierarchical inactivation of a synthetic human kinetochore by a chromatin modifier","volume":"20","author":"Cardinale","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkt205","article-title":"Re-engineering an alphoid(tetO)-HAC-based vector to enable high-throughput analyses of gene function","volume":"41","author":"Kononenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81158-7","article-title":"Centromeres take flight: Alpha satellite and the quest for the human centromere","volume":"93","author":"Murphy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9525(01)02622-1","article-title":"Near the edge of a chromosome\u2019s \u201cblack hole\u201d","volume":"18","author":"Henikoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5389.682","article-title":"New goals for the U.S. Human Genome Project: 1998\u20132003","volume":"282","author":"Collins","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/8.2.151","article-title":"Repetitive conundrums of centromere structure and function","volume":"8","author":"Eichler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/10.20.2215","article-title":"Lessons from the human genome: Transitions between euchromatin and heterochromatin","volume":"10","author":"Horvath","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.1.113","article-title":"Molecular structure and evolution of an alpha satellite\/non-alpha satellite junction at 16p11","volume":"9","author":"Horvath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02806","article-title":"The structure and evolution of centromeric transition regions within the human genome","volume":"430","author":"She","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139816","article-title":"Sequence finishing and mapping of Drosophila melanogaster heterochromatin","volume":"316","author":"Hoskins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1139815","article-title":"The Release 5.1 annotation of Drosophila melanogaster heterochromatin","volume":"316","author":"Smith","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8786","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600250103","article-title":"Mouse telocentric sequences reveal a high rate of homogenization and possible role in Robertsonian translocation","volume":"103","author":"Kalitsis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mouse Genome Sequencing Consortium, Waterston, R.H., Lindblad-Toh, K., Birney, E., Rogers, J., Abril, J.F., Agarwal, P., Agarwala, R., Ainscough, R., and Alexandersson, M. (2002). Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. Nature, 420, 520\u2013562.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01262"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.01198-12","article-title":"Sequences associated with centromere competency in the human genome","volume":"33","author":"Hayden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R10","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2013-14-1-r10","article-title":"Comparative analysis of tandem repeats from hundreds of species reveals unique insights into centromere evolution","volume":"14","author":"Melters","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.8.2.100","article-title":"Physical and genetic mapping of the human X chromosome centromere: Repression of recombination","volume":"8","author":"Mahtani","year":"1998","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1999.5742","article-title":"Genetic and physical analyses of the centromeric and pericentromeric regions of human chromosome 5: Recombination across 5cen","volume":"56","author":"Puechberty","year":"1999","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000076291","article-title":"A physical map of the chromosome 12 centromere","volume":"103","author":"Vermeesch","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cytogenet. Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.10.6.839","article-title":"The mosaic structure of human pericentromeric DNA: A strategy for characterizing complex regions of the human genome","volume":"10","author":"Horvath","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.187101","article-title":"Segmental duplications: Organization and impact within the current human genome project assembly","volume":"11","author":"Bailey","year":"2001","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/35057192","article-title":"Integration of cytogenetic landmarks into the draft sequence of the human genome","volume":"409","author":"Cheung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2013.07.002","article-title":"Mapping the human reference genome\u2019s missing sequence by three-way admixture in Latino genomes","volume":"93","author":"Genovese","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065042","article-title":"Genomic and genetic definition of a functional human centromere","volume":"294","author":"Schueler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2004.08.008","article-title":"Analysis of the centromeric regions of the human genome assembly","volume":"20","author":"Rudd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04406","article-title":"DNA sequence and analysis of human chromosome 8","volume":"439","author":"Nusbaum","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03440","article-title":"The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome","volume":"434","author":"Ross","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl137","article-title":"Human centromeric alphoid domains are periodically homogenized so that they vary substantially between homologues. Mechanism and implications for centromere functioning","volume":"34","author":"Roizes","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti072","article-title":"ColorHOR\u2014Novel graphical algorithm for fast scan of alpha satellite higher-order repeats and HOR annotation for GenBank sequence of human genome","volume":"21","author":"Paar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"386","article-title":"Key-string algorithm\u2014Novel approach to computational analysis of repetitive sequences in human centromeric DNA","volume":"44","author":"Rosandic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Croat. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2003.68.141","article-title":"Sequence organization and functional annotation of human centromeres","volume":"68","author":"Rudd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0030181","article-title":"Organization and evolution of primate centromeric DNA from whole-genome shotgun sequence data","volume":"3","author":"Alkan","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(91)90097-X","article-title":"Chromosome-specific alpha satellites: Two distinct families on human chromosome 18","volume":"11","author":"Alexandrov","year":"1991","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(90)90534-2","article-title":"Identification of two distinct subfamilies of alpha satellite DNA that are highly specific for human chromosome 15","volume":"7","author":"Choo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/19.9.2295","article-title":"Physical map of the centromeric region of human chromosome 7: Relationship between two distinct alpha satellite arrays","volume":"19","author":"Wevrick","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Miga, K.H., Newton, Y., Jain, M., Altemose, N., Willard, H.F., and Kent, W.J. (2013). Centromere reference models for human chromosomes X and Y satellite arrays. arXiv, arXiv:1307.0035v3[q-bio.GN]."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1007\/s004380000367","article-title":"Essential genes in proximal 3L heterochromatin of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"264","author":"Schulze","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.12.024","article-title":"Mutations in potassium channel Kir2.6 cause susceptibility to thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis","volume":"140","author":"Ryan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CHRO.0000036593.72788.99","article-title":"The role of CENP-B and alpha-satellite DNA: De novo assembly and epigenetic maintenance of human centromeres","volume":"12","author":"Masumoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chromosome Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S1534-5807(02)00135-1","article-title":"Conserved organization of centromeric chromatin in flies and humans","volume":"2","author":"Blower","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb845","article-title":"Centromeric chromatin exhibits a histone modification pattern that is distinct from both euchromatin and heterochromatin","volume":"11","author":"Sullivan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-012-9289-9","article-title":"Establishment of the vertebrate kinetochores","volume":"20","author":"Hori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chromosome Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5269","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf511","article-title":"Co-localization of centromere activity, proteins and topoisomerase II within a subdomain of the major human X alpha-satellite array","volume":"21","author":"Spence","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-011-9208-5","article-title":"Genomic size of CENP-A domain is proportional to total alpha satellite array size at human centromeres and expands in cancer cells","volume":"19","author":"Sullivan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chromosome Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2562","article-title":"The octamer is the major form of CENP-A nucleosomes at human centromeres","volume":"20","author":"Hasson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."}],"container-title":["Genes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/5\/1\/33\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:07:38Z","timestamp":1760216858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-4425\/5\/1\/33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["genes5010033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes5010033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-4425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-4425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,23]]}}}