{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T02:14:02Z","timestamp":1790475242241,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]],"date-time":"2018-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1517270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Genes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS) is mainly associated with mutations in the NR2E3 gene. However, rare mutations in the NRL gene have been reported in patients with ESCS. We report on an ESCS phenotype in additional patients with autosomal recessive NRL (arNRL) mutations. Three Moroccan patients of two different families with arNRL mutations were enrolled in this study. The mutation in the DNA of one patient, from a consanguineous marriage, was detected by homozygosity mapping. The mutation in the DNA of two siblings from a second family was detected in a targeted next-generation sequencing project. Full ophthalmic examination was performed, including best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, funduscopy, Goldmann kinetic perimetry, optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, and extended electroretinography including an amber stimulus on a blue background and a blue stimulus on an amber background. One patient carried a homozygous missense mutation (c.508C&gt;A; p.Arg170Ser) in the NRL gene, whereas the same mutation was identified heterozygously in the two siblings of a second family, in combination with a one base-pair deletion (c.654del; p.Cys219Valfs*4) on the other allele. All patients had reduced visual acuity and showed a typical clumped pigmentary retinal degeneration (CPRD). Foveal schisis-like changes were observed in the oldest patient. An electroretinogram (ERG) under dark-adapted conditions showed absent responses for low stimulus strengths and reduced responses for high stimulus strengths, with constant b-wave latencies despite increasing stimulus strength. A relatively high amplitude was detected with a blue stimulus on an amber background, while an amber stimulus on a blue background showed reduced responses. The arNRL mutations cause a phenotype with typical CPRD. This phenotype has previously been described in patients with ESCS caused by NR2E3 mutations, and rarely by NRL mutations. Based on our findings in ERG testing, we conclude that S-cone function is enhanced in our patients in a similar manner as in patients with NR2E3-associated ESCS, confirming previous reports of NRL as a second gene to cause ESCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9020068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]],"date-time":"2018-01-30T08:03:34Z","timestamp":1517299414000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Autosomal Recessive NRL Mutations in Patients with Enhanced S-Cone Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Karin","family":"Littink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, 3011 BH Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Stappers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, 3011 BH Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans","family":"Riemslag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, 3011 BH Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Bartim\u00e9us Center for Complex Visual Disorders, 3703 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman","family":"Talsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, 3011 BH Rotterdam, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Bartim\u00e9us Center for Complex Visual Disorders, 3703 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Van Genderen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bartim\u00e9us Center for Complex Visual Disorders, 3703 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frans","family":"Cremers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4347-6503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rob","family":"Collin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Van den Born","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, 3011 BH Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.022533099","article-title":"The nuclear receptor NR2E3 plays a role in human retinal photoreceptor differentiation and degeneration","volume":"99","author":"Milam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. 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